Clinical applications of CRISPR‐based genome editing and diagnostics

Foss, Dana V.; Hochstrasser, Megan L.; Wilson, Ross C.

doi:10.1111/trf.15126

Cited by 36 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 128 publications

(287 reference statements)

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“…Genome editing, a powerful toolset involving deliberate changes in the DNA sequence, is leading to a new era of molecular medicine against cancer, genetic disorders and beyond [ 1 ]. Editing methods currently available include zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latest Developed Strategies to Minimize the Off-Target Effects in CRISPR-Cas-Mediated Genome Editing

Naeem

Majeed

Hoque

et al. 2020

Cells

326

179

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Gene editing that makes target gene modification in the genome by deletion or addition has revolutionized the era of biomedicine. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 emerged as a substantial tool due to its simplicity in use, less cost and extraordinary efficiency than the conventional gene-editing tools, including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). However, potential off-target activities are crucial shortcomings in the CRISPR system. Numerous types of approaches have been developed to reduce off-target effects. Here, we review several latest approaches to reduce the off-target effects, including biased or unbiased off-target detection, cytosine or adenine base editors, prime editing, dCas9, Cas9 paired nickase, ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery and truncated gRNAs. This review article provides extensive information to cautiously interpret off-target effects to assist the basic and clinical applications in biomedicine.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latest Developed Strategies to Minimize the Off-Target Effects in CRISPR-Cas-Mediated Genome Editing

Naeem

Majeed

Hoque

et al. 2020

Cells

326

179

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A single guide RNA (sgRNA) directs the endonuclease Cas9 to DNA sequence which has been targeted, and initiates site-specific manipulation [79]. The Type II CRISPR/Cas9 system is an extensively used DNA-editing method, as a result of the ability to design CRISPR-guided nucleases in this system easily and relatively quickly [20,27].…”

Section: Bacterial Diagnosis By Crispr Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of target sequences include oncogenic mutation sequences or viral and bacterial sequences derived from the infectious agent. The goal of CRISPR systems is to identify the specific pathogens, as well as to repair alleles that cause disease through specific DNA sequence editing at exact locations on the chromosome [ 20 ]. The goal of CRISPR systems is to identify the specific pathogens, as well as to repair alleles that cause disease through specific DNA sequence editing at exact locations on the chromosome [ 79 ].…”

Section: Crispr As a Diagnostic Toolmentioning

confidence: 99%

CRISPR-Based Diagnosis of Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases

et al. 2020

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Interest in CRISPR technology, an instrumental component of prokaryotic adaptive immunity which enables prokaryotes to detect any foreign DNA and then destroy it, has gained popularity among members of the scientific community. This is due to CRISPR’s remarkable gene editing and cleaving abilities. While the application of CRISPR in human genome editing and diagnosis needs to be researched more fully, and any potential side effects or ambiguities resolved, CRISPR has already shown its capacity in an astonishing variety of applications related to genome editing and genetic engineering. One of its most currently relevant applications is in diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Since its initial discovery, 6 types and 22 subtypes of CRISPR systems have been discovered and explored. Diagnostic CRISPR systems are most often derived from types II, V, and VI. Different types of CRISPR-Cas systems which have been identified in different microorganisms can target DNA (e.g. Cas9 and Cas12 enzymes) or RNA (e.g. Cas13 enzyme). Viral, bacterial, and non-infectious diseases such as cancer can all be diagnosed using the cleavage activity of CRISPR enzymes from the aforementioned types. Diagnostic tests using Cas12 and Cas13 enzymes have already been developed for detection of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 virus. Additionally, CRISPR diagnostic tests can be performed using simple reagents and paper-based lateral flow assays, which can potentially reduce laboratory and patient costs significantly. In this review, the classification of CRISPR-Cas systems as well as the basis of the CRISPR/Cas mechanisms of action will be presented. The application of these systems in medical diagnostics with emphasis on the diagnosis of COVID-19 will be discussed.

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“…Such ex vivo genome editing is currently the most technically feasible approach, and has the potential to treat devastating blood disorders like sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia. The ex vivo strategy also underlies cancer immunotherapies [66].…”

Section: The Capacity Of Crispr Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology and its application to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a review.

CHEKANI-AZAR¹,

Mombeni²,

BIRHAN³

2020

jwpr

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Introduction. Clustered-Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), and CRISPR associated (Cas) protein (CRISPR/Cas) structures were first identified in E. coli in 1987 and guard prokaryotic cells from any invading pathogens, harmful events and plasmids by recognizing and cutting foreign nucleic acid sequences that contain short palindromic repeats spacer sequences. Several genome editing approaches have been developed based on these mechanisms; the most recent is known as CRISPR/Cas. Before the CRISPR technique was revealed in 2012, editing the genomes of plants and animals took many years and cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. Thus, CRISPR/Cas has attracted significant interest in the scientific community, especially for disease diagnosis and treatment, as it is quicker, less expensive and more precise than other genome editing approaches. The evidence from gene mutations in specific patients generated using CRISPR/Cas can assist in the prediction of the optimal treatment schedule for individual patients and for innovation purposes in other researches like replication in cell culture of coronaviruses like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2 or COVID-19). However, in numerous situations, the effects of the furthermost significant driver mutations are not yet understood and interpretation of the optimal treatment is impossible. CRISPR/Cas classifications feature highly sensitive and selective tools for the detection of various target genes. When we see the next steps of genomic research, it is obvious that genome-wide association studies are relatively new way to identify the genes involved in human disease. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas provides a tool to manipulate non-coding regions and will thus accelerate examination of these poorly characterized regions of the genome and play a vital role in the progress of whole genome libraries. Aim. We aimed to review the history of CRISPR/Cas, the mechanisms of CRISPR techniques, its current status as a tool for studying both natural mutations and genomic manipulations, and explore how CRISPR/Cas may improve the treatment of diseases.

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Clinical applications of CRISPR‐based genome editing and diagnostics

Cited by 36 publications

References 128 publications

Latest Developed Strategies to Minimize the Off-Target Effects in CRISPR-Cas-Mediated Genome Editing

Latest Developed Strategies to Minimize the Off-Target Effects in CRISPR-Cas-Mediated Genome Editing

CRISPR-Based Diagnosis of Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases

CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology and its application to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a review.

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