Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems

Hines, Melissa T.

doi:10.1016/b0-72-169777-1/50005-6

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 317 publications

(518 reference statements)

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“…This would explain why it is normally seen in more severe cases [ 47 ]. Although originally proposed, hypercortisolaemia antagonising antidiuretic hormone [ 99 ], and hyperglycaemia resulting in glucosuria and osmotic diuresis [ 100 ] are unlikely causes of PU/PD. Horses with PPID are not usually hypercortisolaemic [ 7 , 17 , 101 ], and are rarely hyperglycaemic or glucosuric [ 64 , 69 ].…”

Section: Clinical Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) in Horses

Kirkwood

Hughes

Stewart

2022

Veterinary Sciences

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Substantial morbidity results from pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) which is often underestimated by owners and veterinarians. Clinical signs, pathophysiology, diagnostic tests, and treatment protocols of this condition are reviewed. The importance of improved recognition of early clinical signs and diagnosis are highlighted, as initiation of treatment will result in improved quality of life. Future research should be targeted at improving the accuracy of the diagnosis of PPID, as basal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentration can lack sensitivity and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) used to assess ACTH response to TRH stimulation is not commercially available as a sterile registered product in many countries. The relationship between PPID and insulin dysregulation and its association with laminitis, as well as additional management practices and long-term responses to treatment with pergolide also require further investigation.

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Section: Clinical Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) in Horses

Kirkwood

Hughes

Stewart

2022

Veterinary Sciences

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“…Usually, in horses the hypoproteinaemia is more commonly associated with increased loss than with decreased production that may only occur with severe chronic liver diseases (Bergero and Nery, 2008). Aside from the GIT, proteins can be lost through the urinary tract or be accumulated in the third space; thus, urinalysis and thoracic or abdominal ultrasound to exclude the presence of effusions should be part of the initial evaluation (Hines, 2018). In horses with IBD, the major cause of hypoproteinaemia has been shown to result from excessive loss of proteins into the intestinal tract (Lindberg et al, 1985).…”

Section: Fourth Stepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory bowel diseases in horses: What do we know?

Vitale

2021

Equine Veterinary Education

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Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are a group of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders described in both humans and animals, but unlike in other species, in horses they are poorly defined and there is a lack of standardisation of the method of diagnosis. Although there is an impellent need of consensus on the nomenclature, diagnostic work-up, diet, treatment and management of horses with a suspected IBD, the aim of this review is to give initial guidelines for practitioners dealing with suspected cases. It provides a summary of the most relevant literature on the topic and presents the current knowledge on the clinical signs, diagnostic work-up, treatment and prognosis of IBDs in horses. Granulomatous enteritis (GE)This was the first type of IBD described (Cimprich, 1974) and the most frequently reported in the past century (Lindberg

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“…One of the diseases is syncope, which is a temporary loss of consciousness usually related to insufficient blood flow to the brain, which should be differentially diagnosed from epilepsy according to medical history and examination. 34 Other diseases, such as migraines, can cause loss of consciousness due to deficiency of minerals and nutrients, vasomotor disorders, and massive vegetative disturbances. 35 Some brain damages, such as brain infections, brain tumors, and high cranial pressure, can cause loss of consciousness with or without seizures that should be differentially diagnosed from epilepsy.…”

Section: Challenges Of Epilepsy Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Therapeutic Strategies in Epilepsies Using Anti-Seizure Medications

Rahim¹,

Azizimalamiri²,

Sayyah³

et al. 2021

JEP

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Epilepsies are among the most common neurological problems. The disease burden in patients with epilepsy is significantly high, and epilepsy has a huge negative impact on patients’ quality of life with epilepsy and their families. Anti-seizure medications are the mainstay treatment in patients with epilepsy, and around 70% of patients will ultimately control with a combination of at least two appropriately selected anti-seizure medications. However, in one-third of patients, seizures are resistant to drugs, and other measures will be needed. The primary goal in using experimental therapeutic medication strategies in patients with epilepsy is to prevent recurrent seizures and reduce the rate of traumatic events that may occur during seizures. So far, various treatments using medications have been offered for patients with epilepsies, which have been classified according to the type of epilepsy, the effectiveness of the medications, and the adverse effects. Medications such as Levetiracetam, valproic acid, and lamotrigine are at the forefront of these patients’ treatment. Epilepsy surgery, neuro-stimulation, and the ketogenic diet are the main measures in patients with medication-resistant epilepsies. In this paper, we will review the therapeutic approach using anti-seizure medications in patients with epilepsy. However, it should be noted that some of these patients still do not respond to existing treatments; therefore, the limited ability of current therapies has fueled research efforts for the development of novel treatment strategies. Thus, it seems that in addition to surgical measures, we should look for more specific agents that have less adverse events and have a greater effect in stopping seizures.

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Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems

Cited by 3 publications

References 317 publications

Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) in Horses

Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) in Horses

Inflammatory bowel diseases in horses: What do we know?

Experimental Therapeutic Strategies in Epilepsies Using Anti-Seizure Medications

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