Clinical Aspects of Acetylcholine--I

Fraser, Francis R.

doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4040.1249

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Acetylcholine was known about in the early 1900s. It was possibly first linked to saliva production in animals in 1913 by Demoor (cited in Alles, 1934), however Fraser (1938) cited Villaret and Justin-Besançon (1928) as the first to report the action of ACh in humans. In a 1932 study noted by Fraser (1938), Ellis and Weiss intravenously administered ACh reporting flushing of the head, sweating, lacrimation, and salivation, among other symptoms.…”

Section: Pharmacological-thirst: Historical Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was possibly first linked to saliva production in animals in 1913 by Demoor (cited in Alles, 1934), however Fraser (1938) cited Villaret and Justin-Besançon (1928) as the first to report the action of ACh in humans. In a 1932 study noted by Fraser (1938), Ellis and Weiss intravenously administered ACh reporting flushing of the head, sweating, lacrimation, and salivation, among other symptoms. Similar work was also reported in 1932, confirming the role of ACh and the cholinergic system in saliva production (Babkin et al, 1932;Henderson & Roepke, 1932, 1933Gibbs & Szelöczey, 1932, all cited in Gaddum, 1935.…”

Section: Pharmacological-thirst: Historical Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar work was also reported in 1932, confirming the role of ACh and the cholinergic system in saliva production (Babkin et al, 1932;Henderson & Roepke, 1932, 1933Gibbs & Szelöczey, 1932, all cited in Gaddum, 1935. Through the early 1900s, it was also known that certain drugs could inhibit or amplify the effects of ACh such as atropine, and physostigmine, respectively, including the ability of atropine to inhibit saliva production (Fraser, 1938). In the 1960s there appeared to be a resurgence in interest in the role of the cholinergic system in thirst and saliva production.…”

Section: Pharmacological-thirst: Historical Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Redefining thirst: A conceptual four-compartment model characterising types of thirst, and their underlying mechanisms and interactions

Carroll¹

2020

Preprint

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Currently, the conceptualisation of thirst is based nearly entirely on osmoregulation, with some acknowledgement of anticipatory-thirst, though with no testable mechanism. Such a model of thirst is unable to explain many thirst-related phenomena, such as why drinking can occur with hypotonicity, or how quantity of intake at a drinking occasion is regulated. Herein, I aim to unify various lines of thinking from different disciplines surrounding thirst and body water regulation by presenting a four-compartment model comprising of both primary and secondary thirsts: true-thirst (osmo-regulated); contextual-thirst (e.g. mouth-breathing); pharmacological-thirst (induced from drugs); and impulsive-thirst (everyday spontaneous drinking). Within this framework, a differentiation of thirst and dry mouth is presented, with further differentiation between dry mouth (‘true-xerostomia’, hyposalivation) and the sensation of dry mouth (‘sensational-xerostomia’, a typically non-overwhelming desire to drink). Based off pharmacological-thirst mechanisms, the cholinergic system is proposed to initiate impulsive-thirst by triggering a (sensation of) dry mouth in everyday life (i.e. without hypertonicity). Following this, psychological food-appetite constructs that are centrally regulated (sensory-specific satiety, palatability, and pleasantness) are applied to thirst to explain quantities of fluid consumed, termination of drinking, and drinking patterns in everyday life, as well as offer further insights into how drinking habits are formed. The historical context is also provided, demonstrating that most of these are not new ideas in isolation, but combining them to create a unified model of thirst has not previously been attempted. Finally, ageing-, exercise-, alcohol-hangover-, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced thirst are explained by the model presented, given as examples of dysregulated hydration physiology causing thirst or drinking behaviours currently unexplainable by true osmoregulatory or anticipatory-thirst. Whilst some anomalies still remain, all these examples have some form of dysregulated cholinergic activity as a commonality. It is likely this model is incomplete and ideas for further exploration are presented with the hope that the conceptual model can be investigated, validated, refined, and developed further as appropriate. Overall, this thesis outlines a four-compartment model of thirst regulation (at least partially) explaining several outstanding questions relating to drinking behaviours.

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Section: Pharmacological-thirst: Historical Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%