Clinical bacteriology and immunology in acute otitis media in children

Diverse mutations in the ftsI gene in ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolates from pediatric patients with acute otitis media

“…Currently, an increase in intractable or recurrent AOM caused by BLNAR has become a great concern in pediatrics and otolaryngology in Japan [15,16]. Despite the high reported prevalence of BLNAR strains from AOM, their evolutionary molecular changes in the ftsI gene have not been clarified.…”

Update on Antibacterial Resistance in Low-Income Countries: Factors Favoring the Emergence of Resistance

“…This, together with increasing rates of BLNAR and MDR strains are likely to bring new challenges for treatment. It will be particularly difficult in countries with limited resources since therapies alternative to simple beta-lactams are often more costly [161]. The changes are affecting treatment options for invasive cases as well.…”

Molecular Epidemiology of Ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae Causing Acute Otitis Media in Japanese Infants and Young Children

“…In contrast, BLNAR isolates are particularly frequent in Japan, which is one of the reasons that pediatric AOM often shows recurrence or requires prolonged treatment in this country. 8,9 There have been few molecular epidemiological studies of BLNAR H. influenzae isolates from children with AOM focusing on patients younger than 3 years. Also, most studies of H. influenzae in pediatric patients have been based on various kinds of samples, including nasopharyngeal secretions, nasal discharge specimens and tonsillar swabs.…”