Clinical Biochemistry: Enzymatic Methods: Automation and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Wacker, Warren E. C.; Coombs, Thomas L.

doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.38.070169.002543

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 103 publications

(112 reference statements)

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“…Since then, knowledge in this field has increased rapidly. Wacker and Coombs listed 48 genetic diseases, each of which can be traced specifically to the absence of, or an abnormality in, one or more enzymes (23). In 1972, Raivio and Seegmiller included 81 genetic dis eases in their review (24).…”

Section: Enzyme Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Applications of Enzymes

Whitaker

1974

Advances in Chemistry

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Enzymes are useful and convenient in analytical chemistry because of their high specificity and sensitivity, which permits quantitative assays on crude materials under controlled, mild reaction conditions. Applications involve determining enzyme amounts in analyses for inborn errors of metabolism, nongenetically associated diseases, adequate heat treatment of foods, in quality control of foods and other agricultural products, and in measuring soil quality. Enzymes are used to determine quantitatively specific compounds which serve as substrates, activators, or inhibitors of enzymes. They are also used to determine isomeric configuration of compounds, the primary structures of complex molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and triglycerides, the conformation of complex molecules, and the structures of cells and subcellular organelles.TJnzymes have been used in analysis for more than 125 years. Because -L/ of their specificity, it was recognized early that enzymes could be used to detect and determine the concentration of minute amounts of compounds in complex biological systems. For example, peroxidase was used to detect hydrogen peroxide at concentrations of 2 ppm by 1845 (1, 2), and the amylases were used to determine carbohydrates in foods by 1880 (3). However, the availability of well-characterized enzymes of high specificity in pure form during the last two decades has made enzymatic analyses more attractive. Major advances in instrumentation for detecting changes in compounds and structures induced by enzymatic action as well as better understanding and control of the factors which influence enzyme activity are associated with the availability of enzymes. 31Downloaded by UNIV OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO on December 30, 2015 |

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Section: Enzyme Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Applications of Enzymes

Whitaker

1974

Advances in Chemistry

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“…The correlation between the degree of damage and the extent of the increase in enzyme activity in the serum is well established (GOODALE and WID- MAN, 1970;HOFFMAN, 1966;and WACKER and COOMBS, 1969). In acute tissue damage, the enzyme profile of the tissue damaged and of the serum resemble each other.…”

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confidence: 94%

“…In modern medicine, clinical enzymology plays an inportant role in the diagnosis, prognosis and evaluation of different diseases and metabolic disorders (WACKER and COOMBS, 1969;GOODALE and WIDMAN, 1970;FREELAND and KREMER, 1970;HOFFMAN, 1966) and the determination of enzyme activity has been an established procedure. The enzymes used are mainly organspecific cellular enzymes which leak from the cells to the blood.…”

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Enzyme Profile of Healthy and Fatty Liver of Cows

Bogin

Sommer

2010

Zentralblatt Für Veterinärmedizin Reihe A

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Summary The enzyme profiles of healthy and fatty cow livers are described. The levels of lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic‐oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamicpyruvic transaminase, glutamyl‐transferase, alkaline‐phosphatase and aldolase were investigated. Fatty liver showed higher levels of lactic‐dehydrogenase, glutamyl‐transferase and alkaline phosphatase (more than 200%); the activity of transaminases were lower (more than 30%) and that of aldolase was unchanged. The clinical significance of quantitative change in these liver enzymes is discussed. Zusammenfassung Enzymprofile bei Kühen mit normalen und verfetteten Lebern Es wurde die Aktivität folgender Enzyme untersucht: Milchsäuredehydrogenase, Glutamat‐Oxalacetat‐Transaminase, Glutamat‐Pyruvat‐Transaminase, Glutamyl‐Transferase, alkalische Phosphatase, Aldolase. Ergebnisse bei Patienten mit Leberverfettung: Erhöhte Aktivität der Milchsäuredehydrogenase, der Glutamyl‐Transferase und der alkalischen Phosphatase (mehr als 200 %). Die Aktivität der Transaminasen war reduziert (mehr als 30%) und die der Aldolase war unverändert. Die klinische Bedeutung der Enzymveränderungen wird besprochen. Résumé Profil enzymatique chez des vaches avec des foies normaux et atteints de stéatose hépatique On a recherché l'activité des enzymes suivantes: deshydrogénase de l'acide lactique, transaminase glutamooxaloacétique, transaminase glutamo‐pyruvique, glutamyl‐transférase, phosphatases alcalines, aldolase. Résultats chez les animaux atteints de stéatose hépatique: élévation de l'activité de la deshydrogénase de l'acide lactique, de la glutamyl‐transférase et des phosphatases alcalines (plus de 200 %). L'activité des transaminases fut diminuée (plus de 30%) et l'aldolase est demeurée inchangée. La signification clinique de ces modifications enzymatiques est discutée. Resumen Perfiles enzimáticos en vacas con hígados normales y con degeneración grasa Se analizaron las actividades de las enzimas siguientes: lactato‐dehidrogenasa, glutamato‐oxalacetato‐transaminasa, glutamato‐piruvato‐transaminasa, glutamil‐transferasa, fosfatasa alcalina y aldolasa. Resultados obtenidos en pacientes con hígado afectado de degeneración grasa: actividad aumentada de la lactato‐dehidrogenasa, glutamil‐transferasa y fosfatasa alcalina (más de 200 %). La actividad de las transaminasas se hallaba reducida (más del 30 %) y no se había modificado la de la aldolasa. Se discute la importancia clínica de las modificaciones enzimáticas.

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Enzyme Profile of Heart and Skeletal Muscles, Liver and Kidney of Cows and Pigs

Bogin

Sommer

2010

Zentralblatt Für Veterinärmedizin Reihe A

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In modern medicine, clinical enzymology plays an important role in the diagnosis, prognosis and evaluation of different diseases and metabolic disorders (WACKER and COOMBS, 1969;GOODALE and WIDMANN, 1970;FREELAND and KREMER, 1970). Research into and application of clinical enzymology in veterinary medicine have expanded rapidly since its potential in the evaluation of diseases and metabolic disorders was realized. Much of the information gained in human medicine studies is being extrapolated in veterinary medicine, a practice which in many cases appears to be incorrect and may lead to faulty interpretation of the results. Metabolism, nutrition and other conditions are different in many domestic animals from those of man, leading to different functions of body organs which result in many cases in different enzyme profiles of the different organs and consequently a different serum enzyme profile.While it is relatively simple to establish the normal values of enzymes, metabolites and ions in the blood, the interpretation of the enzyme changes in the blood due to disease is difficult without knowledge of the enzyme profile of different organs in the body.Previous work (KELLER, 1971;CORNELIUS et al., 1959) described enzyme distribution and level in cattle tissues and transaminases in swine tissue. The values reported by the two groups are not in agreement for cattle, and there is only a partial picture for swine (CORNELIUS et al. 1959).Both KELLER (1971) andCORNELIUS et al. (1959) based their methods on enzyme extraction with a glass homogenizer. Furthermore, Keller ground his tissues in isotonic solution. The method of enzyme extraction in this work was Kimron Veterinarv Institute. Deuartment of Biochemistrv. Affiliated with Tel-Aviv Uni-

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Clinical Biochemistry: Enzymatic Methods: Automation and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Cited by 15 publications

References 103 publications

Analytical Applications of Enzymes

Analytical Applications of Enzymes

Enzyme Profile of Healthy and Fatty Liver of Cows

Enzyme Profile of Heart and Skeletal Muscles, Liver and Kidney of Cows and Pigs

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