Clinical Characteristics of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients Who Received at Least One Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine

Rzymski, Piotr; Pazgan−Simon, Monika; Simon, Krzysztof; Łapiński, Tadeusz Wojciech; Zarębska-Michaluk, Dorota; Szczepańska, Barbara; Chojnicki, Michał; Mozer‐Lisewska, Iwona; Flisiak, Robert

doi:10.3390/vaccines9070781

Cited by 32 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The short-term results of clinical trials of different COVID-19 vaccines demonstrated their high efficacy against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection [4][5][6], later confirmed by the first post-authorization, real-world observations [8]. However, accumulating evidence suggests that this efficacy gradually decreases due to two main factors: (i) a decline in serum anti-spike IgG antibody levels that occurs within a few months following the last vaccination [9,10], and (ii) the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants, classified as variants of interest (VOIs) and variants of concern (VOCs), such as B.1.617.2 (delta variant), that reveal higher transmissibility and can lead to higher viral loads in the upper respiratory airways [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Willingness to Receive the Booster COVID-19 Vaccine Dose in Poland

2021

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COVID-19 vaccinations are essential to mitigate the pandemic and prevent severe SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, the serum antibody levels in vaccinated individuals gradually decrease over time, while SARS-CoV-2 is undergoing an evolution toward more transmissible variants, such as B.1.617.2, ultimately increasing the risk of breakthrough infections and further virus spread. This cross-sectional online study of adult Poles (n = 2427) was conducted in September 2021 (before a general recommendation to administer a booster COVID-19 vaccine dose in Poland was issued) to assess the attitude of individuals who completed the current vaccination regime toward a potential booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine and identify potential factors that may influence it. Overall, 71% of participants declared willingness to receive a booster COVID-19 dose, with a low median level of fear of receiving it of 1.0 (measured by the 10-point Likert-type scale), which was increased particularly in those having a worse experience (in terms of severity of side effects and associated fear) with past COVID-19 vaccination. The lowest frequency of willingness to receive a booster dose (26.7%) was seen in the group previously vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S. The majority of individuals vaccinated previously with mRNA vaccines wished to receive the same vaccine, while in the case of AZD1222, such accordance was observed only in 9.1%. The main reasons against accepting a booster COVID-19 dose included the side effects experienced after previous doses, the opinion that further vaccination is unnecessary, and safety uncertainties. Women, older individuals (≥50 years), subjects with obesity, chronic diseases, and pre-vaccination and post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infections, and those with a history of vaccination against influenza were significantly more frequently willing to receive a booster COVID-19 dose. Moreover, the majority of immunosuppressed individuals (88%) were willing to receive an additional dose. The results emphasize some hesitancy toward potential further COVID-19 vaccination in the studied group of Poles and indicate the main groups to be targeted with effective science communication regarding the booster doses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Willingness to Receive the Booster COVID-19 Vaccine Dose in Poland

2021

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“…Although the risk of breakthrough infections may increase over time in vaccinated individuals due to the waning of serum antibody levels and can be further elevated due to circulation of some more transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants (e.g., B.1.617.2), this does not equal an increased risk of breakthrough diseases, especially ones leading to hospitalization or risk of death. Data originating from different parts of the world consistently show that COVID-19 vaccines retain high levels of protection against severe infections and death; that is, the risk of hospitalization and death due to severe COVID-19 is significantly higher in unvaccinated individuals, although its exact values may vary across populations due to different settings and types of administered vaccines [44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. For example, data collected by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicate that, in August 2021, unvaccinated individuals had a 6-fold higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and an 11-fold higher risk of dying from COVID-19 [53].…”

Section: Protection Against Severe Disease After the Initial Vaccination Regime Remain Highmentioning

confidence: 98%

COVID-19 Vaccine Boosters: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

et al. 2021

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Pursuing vaccinations against COVID-19 brings hope to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and remains the most rational decision under pandemic conditions. However, it does not come without challenges, including temporary shortages in vaccine doses, significant vaccine inequity, and questions regarding the durability of vaccine-induced immunity that remain unanswered. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 has undergone evolution with the emergence of its novel variants, characterized by enhanced transmissibility and ability to at least partially evade neutralizing antibodies. At the same time, serum antibody levels start to wane within a few months after vaccination, ultimately increasing the risk of breakthrough infections. This article discusses whether the administration of booster doses of COVID-19 vaccines is urgently needed to control the pandemic. We conclude that, at present, optimizing the immunity level of wealthy populations cannot come at the expense of low-income regions that suffer from vaccine unavailability. Although the efficiency of vaccination in protecting from infection may decrease over time, current data show that efficacy against severe disease, hospitalization, and death remains at a high level. If vaccine coverage continues at extremely low levels in various regions, including African countries, SARS-CoV-2 may sooner or later evolve into variants better adapted to evade natural and vaccine-induced immunity, ultimately bringing a global threat that, of course, includes wealthy populations. We offer key recommendations to increase vaccination rates in low-income countries. The pandemic is, by definition, a major epidemiological event and requires looking beyond one’s immediate self-interest; otherwise, efforts to contain it will be futile.

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“…The production of specific antibodies starts a few weeks after the first dose, but a second dose is required for optimal protection against COVID-19 [6][7][8]. As recently shown among those hospitalized due to COVID-19 in the first half of 2021, infections among vaccinated people are sporadic [9]. Recent studies suggest that humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2, associated with natural infection or vaccination, may persist for more than six months, but specific antibody levels decline over time [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of COVID-19 on Anti-S Antibody Response in Healthcare Workers Six Months Post-Vaccination

et al. 2021

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The current study aimed to determine to what extent prior COVID-19 infection affects the response of specific antibodies following vaccination. The study involved 173 healthcare professionals who completed the two-dose vaccination course with BNT162b2, including 40 who previously experienced clinical COVID-19. The levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1S2 IgG (anti-S) and, in some cases, anti-SARS-CoV-S-RBD IgG (anti-S-RBD) were determined six months after complete vaccination. A level exceeding the cut-off values for both anti-S and anti-S-RBD was observed in 100% of subjects, but after setting the analysis to 5- and 10-fold cut-off levels, the percentage of subjects meeting this criterion was significantly higher for anti-S-RBD. The 100-fold cut-off level was achieved by only 21% and 16% for anti-S and anti-S-RBD, respectively. Anti-S and anti-S-RBD levels above ten times the positive cut-off were respectively observed in 91% and 100% individuals with a history of COVID-19, while among those without COVID-19, these values were 64% and 90%, respectively. Significantly higher incidence of values above 10 and 100 times the cut-off became apparent among people with a history of COVID-19. In conclusion, vaccination against COVID-19 following infection with the disease provides higher levels of specific antibodies 6 months after vaccination than those of individuals without a history of the disease, which supports the use of a booster dose, particularly for those who have not experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Clinical Characteristics of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients Who Received at Least One Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine

Cited by 32 publications

References 39 publications

Willingness to Receive the Booster COVID-19 Vaccine Dose in Poland

Willingness to Receive the Booster COVID-19 Vaccine Dose in Poland

COVID-19 Vaccine Boosters: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Effect of COVID-19 on Anti-S Antibody Response in Healthcare Workers Six Months Post-Vaccination

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