Clinical Chemistry: Challenges for Analytical Chemistry and the Nanosciences from Medicine

Abstract

Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine can look back over more than 150 years of eventful history. The subject encompasses all the medicinal disciplines as well as the remaining natural sciences. Clinical chemistry demonstrates how new insights from basic research in biochemical, biological, analytical chemical, engineering, and information technology can be transferred into the daily routine of medicine to improve diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and prevention. This Review begins with a presentation of the development of clinical chemistry. Individual steps between the drawing of blood and interpretation of laboratory data are then illustrated; here not only are pitfalls described, but so are quality control systems. The introduction of new methods and trends into medicinal analysis is explored, along with opportunities and problems associated with personalized medicine.

Polyelectrolyte multilayers-modified membrane filter for rapid immunoassay: protein condensation by centrifugal permeation

“…At first, the CA filter was immersed into the PDDA solution for 2 min at room temperature; subsequently, the filter was rinsed with 1 mmol l À1 Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) for 30 s. Next, the filter was immersed into PSS solution as described above. This alternate adsorption process was repeated for 3.5 cycles for the preparation of the positive 7-step (PDDA/PSS) 3 PDDA PEMs on the filter.…”

“…Thus far, however, it has only been possible to satisfy only two of these elements. 3,4 Disposable immunotests (qualitative and quantitative), such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), retain the gold standard for protein detection and quantification. However, long incubation times are required to reach complete antigen-antibody reactions due to the long diffusion times of the antigen molecules toward the antibody as the rate-limiting step in these systems, resulting in slow binding kinetics and compromised assay sensitivity and dynamic range.…”

Towards autonomous lab-on-a-chip devices for cell phone biosensing

“…Thus, in vitro diagnostics systems for doctors' offices or specific hospital services can tolerate the cost and complexity of standalone dedicated platforms (Chin et al, 2012;Abgrall and Gué, 2007;Kovarik et al, 2012), whereas point-of-care (POC) devices for home and self-testing require lower costs and user friendliness (Gervais et al, 2011;Durner, 2010;Gubala et al, 2012). Concurrently, these systems also require strict analytical performance (Venge et al, 2010), quantitative detection, robustness to user skills and the ability to record and centralize results.…”

“…Standalone computer controlled dedicated instruments provide these requirements (Kovarik et al, 2012;Gervais et al, 2011;Durner, 2010;Chou et al, 2012;King et al, 2014;Ducreé et al, 2007;Madou et al, 2001, https://www.cobasliat.com) but lack the ubiquity to serve personal testing.…”

Analytical challenges in nanomedicine

“…A literature search using the keywords "nanomedicine" and "analytical chemistry" reveals that to date only a very small fraction of the published literature addresses not only the needs and challenges, but also the potential research opportunities for analytical sciences in this emerging field [6,7]. From the analytic chemistry point of view, we may consider individual cells as a measurement compartment with spatial/volume dimensions in the μm-nm/μL-nL range and quantitative molecular dimensions in the mM-nM domain.…”