ContributorshipSS, LU and WC validated the underlying data, verified the reproducibility of the analyses, designed the data analysis plan and wrote the original manuscript draft. MC, DG and WC conceptualized the survey and supervised data collection in the field. LU conducted the data analysis and geospatial analysis with input from WC and SS. TC, JP, and WC supervised the study activities and were responsible for acquisition of funding. LT, JM, ADA and ACG were responsible for administration and data collection in Guatemala. SG, KB and GT were responsible for administration and data collection in India. MC, DG, SS, LU and WC were responsible for administration and data collection in Peru. MK and GR were responsible for administration and data collection in Rwanda. EM and WC supervised child pneumonia related activities during the trial, and EM provided scientific input to data analysis and interpretation. All co-authors reviewed the manuscript, contributed to reviews and drafting.