Clinical evaluation of CpG oligonucleotides as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancer

Abstract

Synthetic oligonucleotides (ODN) that express unmethylated “CpG motifs” trigger cells that express Toll-like receptor 9. In humans this includes plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells. CpG ODN induce an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Their utility as vaccine adjuvants was evaluated in a number of clinical trials. Results indicate that CpG ODN improve antigen presentation and the generation of vaccine-specific cellular and humoral responses. This work provides an up-to-date overview of the utility of CpG ODN as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious agents and cancer.

Determination of Depth-Dependent Intradermal Immunogenicity of Adjuvanted Inactivated Polio Vaccine Delivered by Microinjections via Hollow Microneedles

“…Because aluminum salts cannot be administered intradermally due to local adverse effects, adjuvants CpG and CT were assessed for intradermal IPV1 immunization. Both CpG and CT have shown to be safe as adjuvant in intradermal immunization in humans (36,37). In the present study, immuneenhancing effects on IPV1-specific IgG responses by the adjuvants CpG and CT were significant, which indicates that CpG and CT might be potential adjuvant candidates for intradermal IPV1 immunization and may lead to dose sparing.…”

Dendrimer-RNA nanoparticles generate protective immunity against lethal Ebola, H1N1 influenza, and Toxoplasma gondii challenges with a single dose

“…nanoparticle | vaccine platform | replicon | viruses | parasites T oday, there are a range of vaccine technologies used clinically, with varied use of inactivated pathogens, molecular antigens, adjuvants, delivery technologies, administration routes, and dosing regimes (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). Although existing vaccine systems have had a huge impact on prevention of infectious disease, challenges remain.…”

Translating nucleic acid-sensing pathways into therapies

“…in REF. 54). Therefore, CpG-ODNs may eventually reach the clinic as adjuvants for prophylactic vaccines, rather than in the far more demanding context of therapeutic immunizations against tumours.…”