Clinical Evidence for the Microbiome in Inflammatory Diseases

Slingerland, Ann E.; Schwabkey, Zaker; Wiesnoski, Diana H.; Jenq, Robert R.

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00400

Cited by 52 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 173 publications

(187 reference statements)

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“…Although growing beyond the scope of infectious disease for several decades, microbiome research has seen a remarkable boost in the last two decades thanks to the development of sequence-based techniques for the detection of microbes which escape traditional culture-based approaches. More importantly, there have been efforts to establish systematic approaches to decipher structure and function of the gut microbiome in health and disease with the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) [9] as well as the European MetaHit project [5], leading to a multitude of publications linking the gut microbiome with several factors detailed in excellent reviews on diet and microbiome modulation of health and disease [10][11][12][13], obesity [14], inflammation [15], metabolic disease [16,17], and cardiovascular disease [18] as well as comprehensive approaches on intertwined disease entities [19]. While the composition of the microbiome is highly dependent on age, sex, and ethnicity [20], several observational and experimental studies, discussed below, have used complementary approaches such as gut microbiota-directed interventions and suggest intimate links between microbiome shifts in metabolic disease as well as possible pathways shaping this relationship.…”

Section: Gut Microbiome Shifts Diet and Intestinal Permeability In mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Permeability, and Tissue Bacteria in Metabolic Disease: Perpetrators or Bystanders?

Chakaroun¹,

Massier²,

Kovacs³

2020

Nutrients

194

133

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The emerging evidence on the interconnectedness between the gut microbiome and host metabolism has led to a paradigm shift in the study of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes with implications on both underlying pathophysiology and potential treatment. Mounting preclinical and clinical evidence of gut microbiota shifts, increased intestinal permeability in metabolic disease, and the critical positioning of the intestinal barrier at the interface between environment and internal milieu have led to the rekindling of the “leaky gut” concept. Although increased circulation of surrogate markers and directly measurable intestinal permeability have been linked to increased systemic inflammation in metabolic disease, mechanistic models behind this phenomenon are underdeveloped. Given repeated observations of microorganisms in several tissues with congruent phylogenetic findings, we review current evidence on these unanticipated niches, focusing specifically on the interaction between gut permeability and intestinal as well as extra-intestinal bacteria and their joint contributions to systemic inflammation and metabolism. We further address limitations of current studies and suggest strategies drawing on standard techniques for permeability measurement, recent advancements in microbial culture independent techniques and computational methodologies to robustly develop these concepts, which may be of considerable value for the development of prevention and treatment strategies.

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Section: Gut Microbiome Shifts Diet and Intestinal Permeability In mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Permeability, and Tissue Bacteria in Metabolic Disease: Perpetrators or Bystanders?

Chakaroun¹,

Massier²,

Kovacs³

2020

Nutrients

194

133

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“…A different strategy for promoting Tregs and the pathways involved in immune tolerance and homeostasis is performed through the microbiome. During chronic inflammation, such as that experienced during autoimmune disease, the composition of the microbiome is drastically changed, which can add to the imbalance of immune dysregulation [ 80 ]. Fecal microbiome transplantation involving specific bacteria may be a supplement to other therapies to combat autoimmune disease.…”

Section: Cell-based Therapiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treg Enhancing Therapies to Treat Autoimmune Diseases

Eggenhuizen

Ooi

2020

IJMS

172

109

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Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a small yet critical subset of CD4+ T cells, which have the role of maintaining immune homeostasis by, for example, regulating self-tolerance, tumor immunity, anti-microbial resistance, allergy and transplantation rejection. The suppressive mechanisms by which Tregs function are varied and pleiotropic. The ability of Tregs to maintain self-tolerance means they are critical for the control and prevention of autoimmune diseases. Irregularities in Treg function and number can result in loss of tolerance and autoimmune disease. Restoring immune homeostasis and tolerance through the promotion, activation or delivery of Tregs has emerged as a focus for therapies aimed at curing or controlling autoimmune diseases. Such therapies have focused on the Treg cell subset by using drugs to suppress T effector cells and promote Tregs. Other approaches have trialed inducing tolerance by administering the autoantigen via direct administration, by transient expression using a DNA vector, or by antigen-specific nanoparticles. More recently, cell-based therapies have been developed as an approach to directly or indirectly enhance Treg cell specificity, function and number. This can be achieved indirectly by transfer of tolerogenic dendritic cells, which have the potential to expand antigen-specific Treg cells. Treg cells can be directly administered to treat autoimmune disease by way of polyclonal Tregs or Tregs transduced with a receptor with high affinity for the target autoantigen, such as a high affinity T cell receptor (TCR) or a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). This review will discuss the strategies being developed to redirect autoimmune responses to a state of immune tolerance, with the aim of the prevention or amelioration of autoimmune disease.

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“…The redox state also strongly modulates the gut microbiota . Different bacterial taxa modulate immune functionality toward a pro or anti‐inflammatory pattern, extensively summarized previously . Thus, the composition of the microbiota community determines, in part, the level of resistance to infection and susceptibility to inflammatory diseases.…”

Section: Zinc and The Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc Nutrition and Inflammation in the Aging Retina

Gilbert

Pető²,

Lengyel³

et al. 2019

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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Zinc is an essential nutrient for human health. It plays key roles in maintaining protein structure and stability, serves as catalytic factor for many enzymes, and regulates diverse fundamental cellular processes. Zinc is important in affecting signal transduction and, in particular, in the development and integrity of the immune system, where it affects both innate and adaptive immune responses. The eye, especially the retina‐choroid complex, has an unusually high concentration of zinc compared to other tissues. The highest amount of zinc is concentrated in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (RPE‐choroid, 292 ± 98.5 µg g−1 dry tissue), followed by the retina (123±62.2 µg g−1 dry tissue). The interplay between zinc and inflammation has been explored in other parts of the body but, so far, has not been extensively researched in the eye. Several lines of evidence suggest that ocular zinc concentration decreases with age, especially in the context of age‐related disease. Thus, a hypothesis that retinal function could be modulated by zinc nutrition is proposed, and subsequently trialled clinically. In this review, the distribution and the potential role of zinc in the retina‐choroid complex is outlined, especially in relation to inflammation and immunity, and the clinical studies to date are summarized.

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Clinical Evidence for the Microbiome in Inflammatory Diseases

Cited by 52 publications

References 173 publications

Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Permeability, and Tissue Bacteria in Metabolic Disease: Perpetrators or Bystanders?

Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Permeability, and Tissue Bacteria in Metabolic Disease: Perpetrators or Bystanders?

Treg Enhancing Therapies to Treat Autoimmune Diseases

Zinc Nutrition and Inflammation in the Aging Retina

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