Clinical Failure of Nanoparticles in Cancer: Mimicking Nature'S Solutions

Abstract

The use of nanotechnology has become a promising approach in the treatment of cancer. However, most intravenously injected nanoparticles (NPs) do not effectively reach the tumor mass due to the biological barriers in the body. In an attempt to unify clinical criteria and basic research, we have collected the latest studies and described novel alternatives such as the use of NPs covered with cell membranes to increase NP delivery efficiency. Furthermore, we focus on the prospect of using the cell's natural messengers, exosomes, as vehicles to transport anti-cancer agents and we discuss the technical complications involved. Finally, we propose novel approaches to produce engineered exosomes which may overcome such technical limitations in order to achieve a proper anti-cancer nanotherapy.

Current Molecular Combination Therapies Used for the Treatment of Breast Cancer

“…Drugs delivered by nanocarriers have shown high efficiency, strong immunogenicity, good targeting, and stability when used against several types of cancers [ 111 , 113 , 114 ]. Results observed in response to nanostructures are often associated with the physicochemical properties of the encapsulated drugs, stability in blood circulation, different patient or tumor types, and other factors [ 59 , 103 , 115 ].…”

“…(a) Precise treatment: Current molecular combination therapy can be directed towards specific targets based on the characteristics of the individual’s tumor [ 23 ]. Numerous molecular targeting agents have been explored over the years [ 115 , 130 ], and combination treatment allows the specific targeting of multiple pathways for a precise response. To optimize the therapeutic effects and minimize the likelihood of relapse after surgery, certain combination therapies are currently used as adjuvant or first-line therapy for recurrent or metastatic breast cancer in clinical settings (see Table 2 ) [ 130 ].…”

HPMA Copolymer-Based Nanomedicines in Controlled Drug Delivery

“…Moreover, even nanomedicines showing excellent efficacy in mice models when intravenously injected do not effectively reach the tumors due to the biological barriers in the body [96]. Importantly, the use of nanomedicines in humans often resulted in a lack of overall patient response and survival [97].…”

Application of nanoparticles in cancer therapy with an emphasis on cell cycle

“…However, NPs have shown limitations in the clinic. First, there are biological barriers in the body, and thus, intravenous injection of NPs do not effectively reach the tumor site (Hernández‐Camarero et al, 2020). Second, the most promising results in NP targeting rely upon in vivo and in vitro models that do not match the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment in the human body (Shohdy & Alfaar, 2013a).…”