Clinical features and risk factors for development of urinary tract infections in cats

Martinez-Ruzafa, Ivan; Kruger, John M.; Miller, R O; Swenson, Cheryl L.; Bolin, Carole A.; Kaneene, John B.

doi:10.1177/1098612x12451372

Cited by 44 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Compared with previous studies in which E coli represented 37–71 per cent of isolates in feline UTI (Litster and others 2007, Bailiff and others 2008, Martinez-Ruzafa and others 2012, White and others 2013), 42.3 per cent of isolates in the present study were E coli , followed by Streptococcus species (19.2 per cent), Staphylococcus species (16.0 per cent) and Enterococcus species (6.6 per cent). The proportion of Enterococcus isolates in feline UTIs varies from 6.5 to 43 per cent (Litster and others., 2007, Litster and others 2009, Martinez-Ruzafa and others 2012, White and others 2013).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 87%

“…The proportion of Enterococcus isolates in feline UTIs varies from 6.5 to 43 per cent (Litster and others., 2007, Litster and others 2009, Martinez-Ruzafa and others 2012, White and others 2013). In two studies which included only or predominantly cats with occult UTI, Enterococcus accounted for 6.5 and 43.2 per cent of isolates, respectively (Litster and others 2009, White and others 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feline urinary tract pathogens: prevalence of bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance over a 10‐year period

Dorsch¹,

Vopelius-Feldt²,

Wolf

et al. 2015

Veterinary Record

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The purpose of this retrospective study was to identify bacterial species in cats with bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) and to investigate their antimicrobial susceptibilities over a 10-year period. Three hundred and thirty cultures from 280 cats were included in the study. The mean age of affected cats was 9.9 years; female cats with bacterial UTIs were significantly older than male cats with UTIs. The most common pathogen identified was Escherichia coli (42.3 per cent), followed by Streptococcus species (19.3 per cent), Staphylococcus species (15.6 per cent), Enterococcus species (6.6 per cent) and Micrococcaceae (5.8 per cent). Forty specimens (12.1 per cent) yielded growth of more than one isolate. Streptococcus and Enterococcus isolates were resistant to a significantly higher number of antimicrobial agents than E coli and Staphylococcus species isolates. Applying the formula to select rational antimicrobial therapy, bacterial isolates were most likely to be susceptible to nitrofurantoin, amoxicillin clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin and gentamicin. The antimicrobial impact factor for nitrofurantoin increased significantly over the 10-year period, whereas there was no significant change in antimicrobial impact factors for doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, cephalothin and amoxicillin clavulanic acid. The detected changes in in vitro antimicrobial efficacy could help to develop hospital-specific guidelines for antimicrobial use to prevent the further development of resistance in feline uropathogens.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline urinary tract pathogens: prevalence of bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance over a 10‐year period

Dorsch¹,

Vopelius-Feldt²,

Wolf

et al. 2015

Veterinary Record

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“…According to other researchers, urinary tract infection affects 18.9% of cats (Dorsch et al 2014) or even 22.2% of cats with a primary infection (Kraijer et al 2003). Urinary tract infection was observed to be common in cats with chronic kidney disease, hyperthyroidism and diabetes (Mayer-Roenne et al 2007;Martinez-Ruzafa et al 2012). The above results were used by other authors to exclude patients with comorbidities from their studies, which could explain the significant discrepancies in the prevalence of urinary tract infection in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Evaluation of clinical signs and causes of lower urinary tract disease in Polish cats

Lew-Kojrys¹,

́²,

Snarska³

et al. 2017

Vet. Med.

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This paper describes the results of a retrospective study performed on 385 cats with feline lower urinary tract disease. The study was conducted to obtain epidemiological data and to evaluate clinical symptoms and the results of laboratory tests in a population of Polish cats with symptoms of lower urinary tract disease. The analysed population comprised feline patients of the veterinary clinic at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn who had not been treated prior to admission. Medical history was obtained for all patients. Urine samples were collected mostly, but not solely, by cystocentesis. Feline idiopathic cystitis was diagnosed in most cats (60.7%), while urinary tract infections were noted in only 7.8% of patients. Urethral obstruction caused by mucus plugs was observed in 17.4% of animals. Urolithiasis was observed in 13% of cats, 5% of whom were also diagnosed with urinary tract infections. Hyperplastic changes were identified in only 1% of the studied population. In 59% of cats, feline lower urinary tract disease was accompanied by urethral obstruction. Cats with feline idiopathic cystitis were the youngest animals in the analysed population, and the risk of urinary tract infections and neoplasia increased with age. Our results, obtained over a period of six years in a Polish feline population, show that sex, neutering, age, living conditions and diet influence the type of urinary tract disease, data which are consistent with those obtained in other countries.

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“…Cats with FIC may urine mark, sometimes with bloody urine (Figure 1). 28,29 Confident cats mark as a 'calling card' to denote their presence, but there is no evidence that the mark is intended to be threatening to other cats. Cats do not normally mark to cover another cat's scent and will sniff the other cat's mark without becoming agitated or fearful.…”

Section: Middeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For cats with previous urinary catheterizations, we recommend culture of urine collected by cystocentesis because these cats may be at increased risk for UTI. 29 < Synthetic pheromones Use of synthetic pheromones can reduce or eliminate housesoiling behavior (see page 591). 28 FIC is a complex disease process that is not fully understood at this time.…”

Section: S P E C I a L A R T I C L E / Aafp/isfm Guidelines On House-mentioning

confidence: 99%

AAFP and ISFM Guidelines for Diagnosing and Solving House-Soiling Behavior in Cats

Carney¹,

Sadek²,

Curtis

et al. 2014

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Rationale: These Guidelines have been developed by the American Association of FelinePractitioners (AAFP) and the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM) as a resource for veterinary practitioners who want to better understand and manage the important clinical condition of house-soiling in their feline patients. The Guidelines offer straightforward, practical solutions that, in most cases, will help veterinarians and cat owners prevent, manage or entirely remediate feline house-soiling behavior. Evidence base: The Guidelines include scientifically documented information when it is available. However, because research is often lacking, some recommendations reflect the accumulated clinical experience of the authors. PURPOSE OF THE GUIDELINESWe often hear the statistics: house-soiling is one of the most common feline behavior problems reported by cat owners and a major reason why owners relinquish cats to animal shelters.1 According to the National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy, shelters in the US euthanize 72% of relinquished cats, 2 many because of house-soiling behavior. If 4-9 million cats are euthanized every year, this could be more than 10,000 cats each day. Veterinarians can decrease this number by helping to correct this commonplace problem. With this goal in mind, we have developed the AAFP and ISFM Guidelines for Diagnosing and Solving House-Soiling Behavior in Cats (hereafter referred to as the Guidelines).The Guidelines provide clinicians with basic tools for educating cat owners about the prevention of house-soiling behavior. The Guidelines also apply the principles of the previously published AAFP and ISFM Feline Environmental Needs Guidelines, 3 which describe the physical setting where a cat can thrive. Importantly, these current Guidelines elaborate on elimination behavior, describe and illustrate the cat's ideal litter box (also known as a litter tray), and discuss how it should be managed. While prevention of house-soiling is ideal, practitioners see many cats with pre-existing house-soiling behavior. The Guidelines explain that, even though the pathophysiology and behavioral etiology of house-soiling is often multifactorial, a thorough chronological history and a systematic diagnostic approach to this problem can be the key to developing an effective treatment plan. CONTENTSThe Guidelines offer straightforward, practical solutions for practitioners and cat owners to implement, but are not intended to be a comprehensive treatise on feline behavior. The Guidelines' authors recognize that feline house-soiling can be a complex problem. Although many cases are straightforward, individual cases can be challenging, sometimes frustrating, and occasionally beyond the expertise or experience of the general, primary care practitioner. In cases where an acceptable response does not occur within a timeframe mutually agreed upon by the veterinarian and client, consultation with a qualified behaviorist or internist is advisable.In most cases, the Guidelines will help veterinarians and cat...

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Clinical features and risk factors for development of urinary tract infections in cats

Cited by 44 publications

References 42 publications

Feline urinary tract pathogens: prevalence of bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance over a 10‐year period

Feline urinary tract pathogens: prevalence of bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance over a 10‐year period

Evaluation of clinical signs and causes of lower urinary tract disease in Polish cats

AAFP and ISFM Guidelines for Diagnosing and Solving House-Soiling Behavior in Cats

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