Clinical Field Testing of Vulcanized Jaipur Rubber Feet for Trans-Tibial Amputees in Low-Income Countries

Jensen, J. Steen; Raab, Wilfried

doi:10.1080/03093640701321411

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Somewhat surprisingly, it performed better in the field (Jensen and Raab 2006) with 2% severe sole wear and 12% keel failures due to delamination in 41 feet followed 16 months under the same circumstances as the NISHA feet.…”

Section: J S Jensen and H B Treichlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical testing of prosthetic feet utilized in low-income countries according to ISO-10328 standard

Jensen¹,

Treichl

2007

Prosthetics &Amp; Orthotics International

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This report summarizes the results from 1132 ISO-10328 standard tests performed on 21 different prosthetic foot models commonly utilized in the developing world. None of the tested feet passed the strictest ISO testing protocol. All but one failed at the initial Static Proof test, which simulates a single momentary overload, due to permanent forefoot deformation. In addition, all tested feet had significant internal failures that were visible when sectioned longitudinally. Static Proof testing revealed average permanent deformation of the forefoot of all feet that exceeded the optional 5 mm ISO requirement. Forefoot deformation for non-Jaipur rubber feet came closest to meeting the standard at 8.3+3.4 mm; deformation of the various types of rubber Jaipur feet was the greatest at 22.5+5.4 mm. Forefoot deformation for polyurethane (PU) feet was 13.6+5.5 mm. Forefoot deformation of the ethyl-vinylacetate (EVA) feet was slightly greater than the Jaipur feet at 22.8+5.7 mm. After the Static Strength test, which simulates a higher momentary overload, permanent deformation of the feet increased. The average maximum deformation for rubber SACH forefeet varied from 17 -30 mm, and 11 -26 mm for the heel; Jaipur forefeet 47 -60 mm and heels 13 -19 mm; PU forefeet 20 -44 mm and heels 20 -33 mm; and EVA forefeet 33 -50 mm and heels 16 -31 mm. After completion of the Cyclic Test the prosthetic feet were sawn in half and closely examined visually. All feet revealed internal derangements: (i) Deformation of rubber or PU foam under the keel of forefoot and/or heel: HCMC, VI, EB1, BAVI, HI Cambodia, Myanmar, Angola, TATCOT, Kingsley and CR; (ii) Delamination from the keel: Mozambique, PHN, and Pro-cirugia; and (iii) Delamination between foam layers: BMVSS, NISHA, MUKTI, and OM. The influence of the two environmental factors tested was minimal for rubber feet with respect to deformation and inconsistent for the polymer feet; in particular for the forefeet. Creep increased with humidity exposure in some feet of natural rubber. However, creep decreased with ultraviolet (UV) exposure for these natural rubber feet, as was also the case for EVA feet, whereas the creep increased for two PU feet. Comparison of the effect of humidity and UV exposure generally showed less creep with UV exposure. In conclusion, ISO-10328 testing prior to release of a new foot construction for amputee use appears to be useful in the developing countries as well as in the developed world, even though it does not simulate the wear on the plantar surface that is seen clinically in barefoot walking. Inspection of the internal structures after the laboratory testing has been shown to reveal occult failure mechanisms in all tested feet.

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Section: J S Jensen and H B Treichlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In clinical practice (Jensen and Raab 2006), there was keel failure in 35% of 40 feet followed for 15 months.…”

Section: J S Jensen and H B Treichlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical testing of prosthetic feet utilized in low-income countries according to ISO-10328 standard

Jensen¹,

Treichl

2007

Prosthetics &Amp; Orthotics International

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“…3 Vulcanized rubber feet tend to have fewer failures than polyurethane feet in resource-limited environments (RLEs). 4,5 In RLEs, there is a need to provide access to good-quality assistive technologies that are affordable. 6 The CR SACH foot has provided a quality low cost option for amputees as evidenced by its continued use in RLEs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development and testing of a modified natural rubber CR solid ankle–cushion heel prosthetic foot for developing countries

Sasaki

Pinitlertsakun

Rattanakoch

et al. 2017

Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineerin

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Background Durable and locally fabricated prosthetic feet are important for developing countries. Modifications to the current CR solid ankle–cushion heel prosthetic foot could enhance current foot characteristics and reduce costs. The goal of this project was to modify the keel and rubber outer foot shell to enhance features and reduce costs of the current CR solid ankle–cushion heel offering. Methods The prosthetic foot was designed, fabricated and then tested mechanically for strain and displacement in a cyclic testing machine according to a component of the ISO-10328 testing protocol. Dynamic cyclic testing of both forefoot and heel portions of the foot was conducted. Findings Dynamic mechanical cyclic testing of the forefoot and heel at 1.28 kN for two million cycles at a rate of 1 Hz was successfully achieved. The final cost of producing the foot was roughly $16 USD. Limitations include the inability to perform the full battery of ISO-10328 foot testing, UV testing and a limitation to laboratory testing. Clinical studies examining practical application of the modified foot should be conducted.

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“…5 By March 2003 a single non-government organisation, Bhagwan Mahaveer Viklang Sahayata Samiti, had provided 690 480 limbs in India and 15 169 in 19 other countries. 7 Lives were transformed since amputees were made physically and economically independent.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Jaipur foot

Arya

Klenerman

2008

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume

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Clinical Field Testing of Vulcanized Jaipur Rubber Feet for Trans-Tibial Amputees in Low-Income Countries

Cited by 13 publications

References 9 publications

Mechanical testing of prosthetic feet utilized in low-income countries according to ISO-10328 standard

Mechanical testing of prosthetic feet utilized in low-income countries according to ISO-10328 standard

The development and testing of a modified natural rubber CR solid ankle–cushion heel prosthetic foot for developing countries

The Jaipur foot

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