Both approaches emphasize cultural changes as essential underpinnings to quality improvement. However, the two approaches also differ fundamentally in their logic of action. Clinical governance is essentially 'top down', being built around formal standards, established procedures, and regular monitoring and reporting. In contrast, organizational learning emphasizes 'bottom up' changes in values, beliefs and motivations in such a way that learning and change are prioritized. The challenge for managers and practitioners lies in seeking a creative tension between these two contrasting styles of organizational change.