Clinical Immunity in Acute Gastroenteritis Caused by Norwalk Agent

Parrino, Thomas A.; Schreiber, David S.; Trier, Jerry S.; Kapikian, Albert Z.; Blacklow, Neil R.

doi:10.1056/nejm197707142970204

Cited by 419 publications

(321 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…An explanation for this can be the distinct pattern of immunity between both types of viruses. As above pointed out, protective immunity against rotavirus infection is universal after the first couple of life years in contrast to norovirus which does not induce lasting immunity [45] among others because of the great genetic variability of the genome of the virus.…”

Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The risk of contracting infectious diseases in public swimming pools. A review

Barna

Kádár

2012

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanità

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Summary.A review of pathogenic microorganisms presenting risk of infection in pool based artificial recreational water venues is extracted from the available scientific literature. The microorganisms are grouped both according to their way of spread and their survival and growth strategies and their characteristics relevant for the pool and spa based recreation are discussed. In order to put the proposed risks on a solid basis, among others a ten year excerpt of the waterborne disease statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is used throughout the article.Key words: man-made water recreational environment, risk of infection, waterborne disease outbreaks, swimming pool, hot tub.Riassunto (Il rischio di contrarre malattie infettive nelle piscine pubbliche. Una rassegna). Viene presentata una sintesi della letteratura scientifica disponibile sui microorganismi patogeni potenzialmente infettivi, in ambienti acquatici ricreativi artificiali, come le piscine. I microorganismi sono raggruppati sia in base alle loro vie di diffusione che in base alle loro strategie di sopravvivenza e di crescita; successivamente vengono discusse le loro caratteristiche più importanti negli ambienti ricreativi considerati, piscine e terme. Per fornire adeguate e solide basi scientifiche ai tipi di rischi presentati, vengono analizzate, oltre ad altri documenti, le statistiche relative a dieci anni di osservazione di malattie legate all'acqua del Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Parole chiave: ambienti ricreativi acquatici artificiali, rischio di infezione, epidemie di malattie legate all'acqua, piscine, vasche da idromassaggio.

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Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The risk of contracting infectious diseases in public swimming pools. A review

Barna

Kádár

2012

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanità

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“…Susceptibility to norovirus infection involves both acquired immunity and genetic resistance (Parrino et al, 1977). Volunteer studies found that some individuals were repeatedly susceptible to norovirus infection whereas others were repeatedly resistant (Parrino et al, 1977).…”

Section: Host Susceptibility and Virus-host Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Volunteer studies found that some individuals were repeatedly susceptible to norovirus infection whereas others were repeatedly resistant (Parrino et al, 1977). Although it was initially unclear why some subjects did not develop illness, current research suggests that host genotype is a prominent factor in the development of norovirus infection since it depends on the presence of specific human histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) receptors in the gut of susceptible hosts (Lindesmith et al, 2003).…”

Section: Host Susceptibility and Virus-host Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting Norovirus: Strategies for the Discovery of New Antiviral Drugs

Rocha‐Pereira¹,

Nascimento²

2012

Antiviral Drugs - Aspects of Clinical Use and Recent Advances

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“…Furthermore, volunteer studies have shown that protective immunity after infection may be absent or short-lived (Parrino et al, 1977). The combination of antigenic diversity and the apparent lack of long term protective immunity are the likely cause of the occurrence of norovirus infections in children, adults and the elderly.…”

Section: Norovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on an update on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses

2011

EFS2

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A review of the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis and public health importance of foodborne viruses was performed. Data needs to support a risk assessment were also identified. In addition possible control options and their anticipated impact to prevent or reduce the number of foodborne viral human infections were identified, including the scientific reasons for and against the establishment of food safety criteria and process hygiene criteria for viruses for certain food categories. Food may be contaminated by virus during all stages of the food supply chain, and transmission can occur by consumption of food contaminated during the production process (primary production, or during further processing), or contaminated by infected food handlers. Transmission of zoonotic viruses (e.g. HEV) can also occur by consumption of products of animal origin. Viruses do not multiply in foods, but may persist for extended periods of time as infectious particles in the environment, or in foods. At the EU-level it is unknown how much viral disease can be attributed to foodborne spread. The relative contribution of different sources (shellfish, fresh produce, food handler including asymptomatic shedders, food handling environment) to foodborne illness has not been determined. The Panel recommends focusing controls on preventive measures to avoid viral contamination rather than trying to remove/inactivate these viruses from food. Also, it is recommended to introduce a microbiological criteria for viruses in bivalve molluscs, unless they are labelled "to be cooked before consumption". The criteria could be used by food business operators to validate their control options. Furthermore, it is recommended to refine the regulatory standards and monitoring approaches in order to improve public health protection. Introduction of virus microbiological criteria for classification of bivalve molluscs production areas should be considered. A virus monitoring programme for compliance with these criteria should be risk based according to the findings of a sanitary survey. KEY WORDSFood borne viruses, Norovirus, Hepatitis, Microbiological criteria, molluscs, fresh produce. SUMMARYThe European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) asked the Panel on Biological Hazards to initiate a self tasking issue with the purpose to provide up-to-date information on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses. The BIOHAZ Panel carried out a review of the available information in the scientific literature with regards to the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis and public health importance of foodborne viruses. Where possible the review covered primary production, food harvesting, food processing, and storage/retail until consumption. Data needs to support a risk assessment were also identified. In addition possible control options and their anticipated impact to prevent or reduce the number of foodborne viral human infections were identified including the scientific reasons for and against the establishment of microbiological criteri...

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Clinical Immunity in Acute Gastroenteritis Caused by Norwalk Agent

Cited by 419 publications

References 13 publications

The risk of contracting infectious diseases in public swimming pools. A review

The risk of contracting infectious diseases in public swimming pools. A review

Targeting Norovirus: Strategies for the Discovery of New Antiviral Drugs

Scientific Opinion on an update on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses

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