Clinical Indications for Caesarean Section in the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)

Reproductive failure in macaques

“…Mahoney et al [1979] found that 9 out of 27 rhesus births were dystocic due to breech or frontum presentation. There is also the possibility that asphyxiation will occur because of an obstruction in umbilical cord flow before the fetus has had a chance to breathe on its own [Stolte, 19751. Placental Causes of Reproductive Failure Certain anomalies of the placenta cause fetal distress in nonhuman primates; circumvillate placenta, double placenta, membraneous or noncentral insertion of the umbilical cord, premature separation of the placenta, hormonal imbalance, placentitis, and placental inefficiency [Andrews, 1974;Fahrenbruch et al, 1979;Hendrickx and Binkerd, 1980;Hendrickx and Nelson, 1971;Lanman, 1977;Lapin and Yakovleva, 1963;Mahoney et al, 1979;Valerio et al, 1969a, b]. In addition, placenta previa, in which placental development occurs near the cervical canal, has been found in rhesus macaques [Mahoney et al, 19791.…”

“…Post-maturity is also a problem for nonhuman primates since the placenta becomes less efficient and the large fetus can cause a difficult birth [Hendrickx and Nelson, 1971;Pickering, 19681. Difficult births (Dystocia), may produce subdural hemorrhage, intracrania hemorrhage, or anoxia due to a prolapsed umbilical cord [Hendrickx and Nelson, 1971;MacGregor, 1946;Mahoney et al, 19791. An abnormal size relationship between the maternal pelvis and the fetal cranium, positional abnormalities, or uterine intertia can promote long labor and consequent stillbirths [Fahrenbruch et al, 1979;Hendrickx and Nelson, 1971;Mahoney et al, 1979;Rauch, 19591. Mahoney et al [1979] found that 9 out of 27 rhesus births were dystocic due to breech or frontum presentation.…”

Growth and developmental outcomes of three high‐risk infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

“…He was diagnosed at birth with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The normal gestational age at birth for rhesus macaques is 16476.7 days [Mahoney et al, 1979]. The average birth weight for rhesus macaque males is 490760 g [Catchpole & Van Wagenen, 1956].…”