Clinical Laboratory Measurement of Serum, Plasma, and Blood Viscosity**

Rosencranz, Robert; Bogen, Steven A.

doi:10.1309/fff7u8rrpk26vapy

Cited by 88 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…20 However, the trend in human serum is greatly different, with 80% of the polymer-based micromotors being active in 50% human serum while only 30% of them display movement in the 90% serum sample. The signicant reduction in the motor speed in serum samples reects their high viscosity, 24 and is consistent with the behavior observed in previous studies. 12,13,15,16 Overall, these results clearly indicate that although the real sample matrix has a signicant effect on the microengine velocity (with higher speed diminutions upon increasing the complexity of the matrix), polymer-based microtube engines can move efficiently at relatively high speeds in a broad spectrum of uids.…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

“…To further evaluate this effect, we tested the effect of a highly viscous human serum medium, containing elevated levels of dissolved proteins (without brinogen) and additional biomolecules (with a high viscosity of 3 cP). 24 As expected for such a highly viscous medium, the speed of the micromotors decreased sharply down to 125 AE 13.5 mm s À1 in 90% human serum (i.e., to $13% of the speed observed in deionized water); a slightly higher speed of 177 AE 17.5 (i.e., $20% of the speed in deionized water) was observed upon lowering the serum content to 50% (v/v).…”

mentioning

confidence: 51%

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Efficient bubble propulsion of polymer-based microengines in real-life environments

et al. 2013

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Template-electrodeposited polymer/Pt microtube engines display efficient propulsion in a wide range of real-life samples ranging from seawater to human serum. Remarkably high speeds are observed in fuel-enhanced raw serum, apple juice, seawater, lake and river water samples. Our results indicate that polymer-based microengines hold considerable promise for diverse practical applications and that real samples exert different effects upon propulsion of different bubblepropelled microtube engines.Considerable efforts are currently being devoted to the design of efficient synthetic micro/nanoscale motors that convert chemical energy into autonomous motion. 1-6 Catalytic microtube engines, pioneered by Mei and Schmidt, have been shown to be extremely useful for addressing the ionic-strength limitation of bimetal catalytic nanowire motors. 1,7,8 Such bubble-propelled microengines thus display efficient propulsion in salt-rich environments due to electrocatalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide fuel. 9-11 Previous studies have also indicated the facile motion of polymer-based micromotors or rolled up microjets in various diluted (3-4 fold diluted) real-life media. 12-18 However, recent reports claimed that the movement of bubble-propelled Cu-Pt microengines is greatly hindered in various diluted real samples, and even completely stopped in highly diluted serum or seawater. 19,20 Such observations may have profound implications on the scope of future applications of microscale machines. The impeded movement in such samples has been attributed to high viscosity of these media and to co-existing molecules that passivate the catalytic Pt surface. 19,20 Since bubble-propelled microengines can be prepared by different fabrication methods and using different materials, 1 it is essential to carefully examine this important issue, in connection to other common protocols for fabricating bubble-propelled microtube engines, and to gain understanding of the effect of the motor design and composition on propulsion efficiency in different media.Here, we wish to demonstrate that template-prepared polymer/Pt microtube engines display efficient propulsion even in undiluted seawater and serum matrices, and to examine the effect of various undiluted (and slightly diluted) real-life environments upon their movement. Template electrodeposition has been shown to be particularly attractive for preparing polymer-based catalytic microengines (Fig. 1a). 10,21 Such polymer-based microengines have been shown recently to display a record-breaking speed of over 1400 body lengths per s. 21,22 The preparation conditions, particularly the electropolymerization parameters, have been shown to have a profound effect on the morphology and propulsion behavior of polymer-based microengines. 21 Such motor morphology and performance are thus greatly inuenced by the nature and concentration of the monomer and of the supporting electrolyte, as well as by the surfactant present. Such preparation conditions can be used to tailor and optimize the composition an...

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confidence: 91%

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confidence: 51%

Efficient bubble propulsion of polymer-based microengines in real-life environments

et al. 2013

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“…22 Blood viscosity measurements play an important role in the development and progression of various hematology related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, coronary artery disease, stroke and hyperviscosity syndrome. 18,23 Several viscometers to measure whole blood viscosity have been developed and used to perform the clinical research and to make the standard data of human in clinical trials. The pressure-scanning capillary viscometer measures the viscosity of whole blood over a range of shear rates without the use of anticoagulants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of testosterone undecanoate on hematological profiles, blood lipid and viscosity and plasma testosterone level in castrated rabbits

Zhao

Moon

Park

2013

CUAJ

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Objective: The association between testosterone replacement therapy and cardiovascular risk remains controversial. Blood viscosity is a known individual risk factor for cardiovascular disease mortality. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of the long-acting injectable testosterone undecanoate (TU) on risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Methods: In total, 24 male New Zealand white rabbits (2.5 kg) were randomly divided into 3 groups of 8. Group 1 was used as control. Group 2 was castrated bilaterally and Group 3 was administrated with 6 mg/kg of TU at day 1 and 6 weeks after castration. Whole blood viscosity, total plasma testosterone, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), fibrinogen (FBN), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured at baseline, 6 weeks and 18 weeks. Results: In the control group, whole blood viscosity and FBN were significantly increased at 6 and 18 weeks. Castration significantly increased the levels of TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C, but decreased Hct and Hb. In the TU injection group, whole blood viscosity was markedly decreased in all share rates, whereas the FBN level was increased. Hb and Hct showed a tendency for higher concentration at 6 weeks. Conclusions: Long-acting injectable TU provides another reliable treatment option for testosterone replacement therapy. Moreover, the patients may receive additional beneficial effect in lowered whole blood viscosity. IntroductionTestosterone plays a crucial role in the proper development of male reproductive tissues and in the maintenance of male characteristics.1 Testosterone levels decline gradually with age, and testosterone deficiency can cause significant morbidity and substantial reduction in quality of life.Male hypogonadism, affecting about 30% of men between the ages of 40 and 79 years, 2 is a clinical condition in which abnormally low serum testosterone levels are found associated with typical symptoms, including diminished libido and sense of vitality, erectile dysfunction, reduced muscle mass and bone density, depression and anemia.3 Although many of these symptoms can be relieved by restoring serum testosterone levels to the normal range, there is considerable controversy about the potential risks of testosterone replacement therapy.An increasing incidence of hematopoietic disorders is a risk of testosterone use. Testosterone increases erythropoietin production by hypertrophy of renal tissue, particularly in high doses. 4 Activation of androgen receptors in erythroid cells appears to be necessary for testosterone to develop an erythropoietic effect in the bone marrow.5 Drastic elevations of hematocrit (Hct) may be detrimental to patients with underlying coronary, cerebral or peripheral vascular disease by possibly causing an increase in blood viscosity and increased risk of thrombosis.6-8 However, no causal relation has been found between higher testosterone levels and cardiovascular diseas...

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“…13 CAP data reveal that only 7% of clinical laboratories use the cone/plate type of viscometer. 10 Most validation studies linking HVS to a particular serum or plasma viscosity were performed using the Ostwald tube.…”

Section: Methods To Measure Viscositymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence-based focused review of management of hyperviscosity syndrome

Stone

Bogen

2012

Blood

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137

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Case 1. Patient 1 is a 65-year-old plumber who presents with fatigue, headache, blurred vision, and intermittent nosebleeds for the past 3 months. Examination demonstrates mild generalized lymphadenopathy and a palpable spleen tip. The fundi show marked retinal vein engorgement with "sausaging." Laboratory tests disclose mild anemia and a large monoclonal spike on serum protein electrophoresis. How should he be managed?Elevated blood, plasma, or serum viscosity occurs in a number of hematologic disorders. Hyperviscosity syndrome (HVS) is a clinical feature in 10% to 30% of patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM), sometimes as its presenting manifestation. 1 HVS also accompanies other conditions, such as multiple myeloma, rheumatoid disease, polycythemia, sickle cell disease, leukemia, and spherocytosis. 2 The latter 4 cellular causes of HVS are beyond the scope of this discussion. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the characteristic features of HVS secondary to elevated plasma or serum viscosity and to evaluate evidence supporting various diagnostic and treatment approaches using the Grade system (Table 1). 3,4 In searching the Medline database on hyperviscosity syndrome, 594 references were listed back to 1965. A limited number of older publications were also used. Only English-language articles were considered. Observational studies, systemic reviews, or case studies were included. No randomized trials on management of HVS were identified. Methods to measure viscosityViscosity refers to resistance to flow or stickiness, from the Latin word "viscum alba" for mistletoe. 5,6 (Mistletoe berries were once used to make a viscous glue.) Viscosity is classically measured in one of 2 ways: by determining the rate of fluid flow as a result of applying a predefined force or by measuring the amount of force required to achieve a predefined rate of fluid flow.Although HVS is caused by hyperviscous blood, clinical laboratories generally only measure the serum or plasma component. Serum and plasma display Newtonian properties in that viscosity is independent of pressure drop or velocity gradient. Consequently, the method of measurement will not dramatically affect the test result. By contrast, whole blood viscosity is complex because of the suspension of red cells in plasma, resulting in non-Newtonian behavior. Different methods of measurement can yield various results.In WM, serum or plasma viscosity measurements reflect the amount and properties of the IgM paraprotein. Monoclonal IgMs display a wide range of intrinsic viscosity values (0.106-0.162 dL/ g), each protein having individual properties. 7,8 However, relative viscosity values are highly reproducible for any individual protein.IgM is a star-shaped pentamer with a molecular size of 925 kDa (IgG is 150 kDa and albumin is 65 kDa). Thus, it is not surprising that this giant IgM molecule, which is 80% intravascular, exerts profound effects on blood flow and cells, especially when present in the high concentrations found in WM patients.The methods used fo...

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Clinical Laboratory Measurement of Serum, Plasma, and Blood Viscosity**

Cited by 88 publications

References 11 publications

Efficient bubble propulsion of polymer-based microengines in real-life environments

Efficient bubble propulsion of polymer-based microengines in real-life environments

Effect of testosterone undecanoate on hematological profiles, blood lipid and viscosity and plasma testosterone level in castrated rabbits

Evidence-based focused review of management of hyperviscosity syndrome

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