Clinical Manifestation, Transmission, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis of Monkeypox Virus: A Comprehensive Review

Anwar, Faheem; Haider, Fatima; Khan, Sarmir; Ahmad, Ibrar; Ahmed, Naveed; Imran, Muhammad; Rashid, Summya; Ren, Zhiguang; Khattak, Saadullah; Ji, Xin‐Ying

doi:10.3390/life13020522

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Approximately 49 genes are common among all the members of the provirus family from the total 150 genes encoded by poxviruses ( Llanos et al., 2021 ). Currently, no approved drug is available for the treatment of monkeypox virus ( Anwar et al., 2023 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer-assisted drug repurposing for thymidylate kinase drug target in monkeypox virus

Ajmal

Mahmood

Hayat

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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IntroductionMonkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by brick-shaped enveloped monkeypox (Mpox) virus that belongs to the family of ancient viruses known as Poxviridae. Subsequently, the viruses have been reported in various countries. The virus is transmitted by respiratory droplets, skin lesions, and infected body fluids. The infected patients experience fluid-filled blisters, maculopapular rash, myalgia, and fever. Due to the lack of effective drugs or vaccines, there is a need to identify the most potent and effective drugs to reduce the spread of monkeypox. The current study aimed to use computational methods to quickly identify potentially effective drugs against the Mpox virus.MethodsIn our study, the Mpox protein thymidylate kinase (A48R) was targeted because it is a unique drug target. We screened a library of 9000 FDA-approved compounds of the DrugBank database by using various in silico approaches, such as molecular docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation.ResultsBased on docking score and interaction analysis, compounds DB12380, DB13276, DB13276, DB11740, DB14675, DB11978, DB08526, DB06573, DB15796, DB08223, DB11736, DB16250, and DB16335 were predicted as the most potent. To examine the dynamic behavior and stability of the docked complexes, three compounds—DB16335, DB15796, and DB16250 —along with the Apo state were simulated for 300ns. The results revealed that compound DB16335 revealed the best docking score (-9.57 kcal/mol) against the Mpox protein thymidylate kinase.DiscussionAdditionally, during the 300 ns MD simulation period, thymidylate kinase DB16335 showed great stability. Further, in vitro and in vivo study is recommended for the final predicted compounds.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer-assisted drug repurposing for thymidylate kinase drug target in monkeypox virus

Ajmal

Mahmood

Hayat

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…27 The DRC has reported 500 suspected cases of human disease in recent years, primarily due to the mpox virus. 30 Notably different from variola virus (causing smallpox) and vaccinia virus (used in smallpox vaccination), mpox cases have surged, driven by secondary transmission among the unvaccinated. 31 Mpox infections exhibit adenopathy, a characteristic feature distinguishing them from smallpox.…”

Section: Mpox Epidemic Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of reemerging mpox infection with a focus on neurological manifestations

Alissa,

Alghamdi,

Alghamdi

2024

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Mpox, a reemerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, has garnered increasing attention due to its potential for severe clinical manifestations. While the cutaneous and systemic presentations of mpox have been well‐documented, its neurological complications have recently emerged as an area of concern. This review provides a brief overview of the neurological aspects of mpox infection, highlighting the key findings and challenges in understanding and managing these complications. Neurological manifestations in mpox patients range from mild symptoms such as headaches and dizziness to more severe conditions, including encephalitis and seizures. The pathogenesis of neurological involvement is not yet fully elucidated but is thought to involve viral dissemination to the central nervous system. This dissemination may occur through haematogenous or neuronal routes, contributing to the diverse clinical spectrum observed. Early recognition and diagnosis of neurological complications in mpox are crucial for implementing appropriate therapeutic interventions and improving patient outcomes.

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“…The second viremia is usually accompanied by fever and is determined by the replication of the virus in the reticuloendothelial system. The host response always involves the whole immune system [17]. The modulation of the immune response is expected due to the encoding of proteins that poxviruses operate in their genomes.…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Spreading Mecha-nismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the pathogenesis, clinical, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of the recent monkeypox virus outbreak

Goia,

Muntean,

Musta

et al. 2024

Revista Romana De Medicina De Laborator

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Human mpox is a zoonotic disease, caused by the mpox virus (MPXV), that can spread either between animals and humans or humans and humans. In 1970 the first human case of mpox was reported in Zaire, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Other notable human mpox outbreaks in non-endemic countries were identified in June 2003 in the United States, in July 2021 in Dallas (USA), and the most recent one in May 2022 in Europe in the United Kingdom (UK). During the 2022 outbreak, sexual intercourse was observed to be the most prevalent transmission method, although other means should not be ignored, such as the involvement of respiratory droplets, exposure to surfaces and skin suspected of contamination. In the context of the current mpox outbreak, we consider it important and necessary to correctly identify the virus, use the proper laboratory testing for a correct diagnosis of mpox, understand the means of prophylaxis, and apply the correct treatment, highlighting these facts being the aim of this study.

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Clinical Manifestation, Transmission, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis of Monkeypox Virus: A Comprehensive Review

Cited by 23 publications

References 79 publications

Computer-assisted drug repurposing for thymidylate kinase drug target in monkeypox virus

Computer-assisted drug repurposing for thymidylate kinase drug target in monkeypox virus

Overview of reemerging mpox infection with a focus on neurological manifestations

Understanding the pathogenesis, clinical, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of the recent monkeypox virus outbreak

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