Clinical, Molecular, and Environmental Risk Factors for Hodgkin Lymphoma

Abstract

Epidemiological studies suggest unique occurrence patterns of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) worldwide. In most Western countries there is a clear bimodal age distribution with an early peak in young adults followed by a second peak in older adults, particularly among males. In the Middle East and Asia, HL is more common in early childhood. There also are marked racial differences in the presentations of HL and HL subtypes, and particular single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified as etiological factors suggesting that gene-gene and gene-environment interactions are involved. Personal health choices such as exercise and smoking may modify an individual's chances of developing HL. Numerous studies highlight the impact that exposure to Epstein-Barr virus and other environmental factors have on HL risk. Understanding the relative importance of each of these findings and their links to HL development and survival will help clinical researchers expand curative therapies and create preventative strategies for HL.

Different time trends by gender for the incidence of Hodgkin’s lymphoma among young adults in the USA: a birth cohort phenomenon

“…While gender-related changes in the prevalence of exposure to an environmental or lifestyle risk factor beginning around 1975 could potentially explain the observed birth cohort effects for HL incidence, few such factors have been strongly associated with HL in epidemiologic studies [23], making the trends difficult to interpret. A recent meta-analysis showed that ever smoking was associated with increased risk for HL [24].…”

Perfil Epidemiológico De Pacientes Oncológicos Atendidos Em Um Hospital De Referência Da Região Centro-Oeste Do Brasil

“…Além dos aspectos imunológicos, a obesidade assim, como fatores ocupacionais e ambientais são apontados como fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento do LNH. Já para LH, características ambientais, aspectos socioeconômico, diferenças étnicas e questões genéticas são tidas como possíveis fatores de risco (MAGGIONCALDA et al, 2010;INCA, 2016).…”

Hodgkin's Lymphoma: From Tumor Microenvironment to Immunotherapeutic Approach - Body's Own Power Protection Challenges

“…However, notable significant differences exist between these entities in terms of natural history, relation to EBV, cell morphology, phenotype, molecular characteristics, and clinical behavior (Farrell & Jarrett, 2011;Maggioncalda et al, 2011). Kuppers et al, 1994) and, in any given case, the rearrangements are identical, proving the clonal nature of the disease (Kanzler et al, 1996;Kuppers et al, 1994;Marafioti et al, 2000).…”