Clinical outcomes and costs for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus initiating insulin therapy in Greece: Two-year experience from the INSTIGATE study

The Cost of Managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Greece: A Retrospective Analysis of 10-Year Patient Level Data “The HERCULES Study”

“…However, the latter study included only treatment cost and not costs of diabetic complications and comorbidities which, combined, are the largest component of the total cost (56%), as shown in the present study. For similar reasons, the current results deviate from the cost estimates of the study of Aloumanis et al, presenting a range between € 496 before initiation of insulin treatment and € 573 after initiating insulin therapy [ 23 ].…”

“…In Greece, the annual cost of treating diabetes had been estimated by Athanasakis and colleagues [ 22 ]. In addition, a more recent study estimated the mean costs associated with the management of T2DM, after initiating insulin therapy [ 23 ]. The aforementioned studies did not include hospitalization, comorbidities, and complications cost.…”

A patient-centric approach to optimise insulin therapy in Asia

“…Primary prevention of diabetes would be cost-effective as it would not only prevent the development of diabetes, but could also prevent the occurrence of complications. Timely and effective insulin therapy will enable patients to maintain productivity and quality of life and is cost-effective (Aloumanis et al, 2013;Gilmer et al, 1997;Levin et al, 2015;Menzin et al, 2001;Rosenstock et al, 2006;Wagner et al, 2001;Woehl et al, 2008).This commentary has identified some of the barriers that lead to suboptimal insulin therapy in Asia and has suggested ways in which the needs of different stakeholders may be addressed in order to overcome these barriers.…”

“…Timely and appropriate insulin therapy provides multifaceted economic and health-related benefits (Aloumanis, Benroubi, Sourmeli, & Drossinos, 2013;Levin, Zhou, Gill, & Wei, 2015;Owens, 2013;Raz & Mosenzon, 2013;Rosenstock et al, 2006;Woehl, Evans, Tetlow, & McEwan, 2008). Several studies have indicated that early insulin treatment may preserve beta-cell function by alleviating glucotoxic effects of hyperglycaemia, attain optimal glycaemic control and minimise the risk of long-term complications such as retinopathy and nephropathy (Ohkubo et al, 1995;Owens, 2013;Raz & Mosenzon, 2013).…”

Observational Study of Patients in Morocco With Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Metformin and/or Sulfonylurea With or Without Insulin

“…Despite the intensification of therapy with metformin, sulfonylurea and insulin, mean weight decreased over 26 weeks in insulin users and non-users. Several recent observational studies have also demonstrated an improvement in glycemic control over 6 months to 5 years in patients with T2DM on OADs or insulin [10][11][12][13][14][15]. However, in these studies, there was a significant problem of weight gain and hypoglycemia.…”