Clinical Pathology of Donkeys and Mules

Goodrich, Erin L.; Behling‐Kelly, Erica

doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2019.08.002

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…An increase in cortisol leads to an increase in blood GLU levels, which can help animals cope with environmental threats [ 38 ]. It is worth noting that, compared with previous studies, the results of the present study were within the reference ranges at all time points [ 39 ]. Nonetheless, the differences between the four treatment groups suggest that different housing and management systems can affect energy allocation in cold weather, and thus affect donkey growth performance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Effects of Housing and Management Systems on the Growth, Immunity, Antioxidation, and Related Physiological and Biochemical Indicators of Donkeys in Cold Weather

Gao

Shi

Guo

et al. 2022

Animals

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The study was designed with a 2 × 2 factorial experiment to evaluate the effects of growth performance, immune function, antioxidant status, blood biochemical indexes, and hormone levels of donkeys in different housing and management systems in cold weather. Twenty-four male donkeys with similar body weight and age were randomly allocated into four treatment groups that were as follows: a cold-water-drinking group without a windproof facility, a lukewarm-water-drinking group without windproof facilities, a cold-water-drinking group with a windproof facility, and a lukewarm-water-drinking group with a windproof facility. The experiment lasted for 42 days. The results showed that windproof facilities increased average daily gain (ADG) and decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed-to-gain ratio (F:G) at all time periods (p < 0.01) of the experiment. Windproof facilities increased the digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude fat (CF), crude protein (CP), ash, calcium (Ca), and phosphate (P) on day 21 (p < 0.01), and increased the digestibility of DM, CF, ash, and P on day 42 (p < 0.01). The respiration rate and the skin temperature of the abdomen and legs increased (p < 0.05) and rectal temperature tended to increase (p = 0.083) by adopting windproof facilities at 07:00; the windproof facilities tended to increase the skin temperature of the ears and abdomen (p = 0.081, p = 0.091) at 14:00. For the blood parameters, with windproof facilities, the concentrations of total protein (TP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased (p < 0.05) and glucose (GLU) concentration decreased (p < 0.05) at 07:00 on day 21; the concentrations of TG and cholesterol (CHO) increased and the concentrations of TP, BUN, and GLU decreased at 07:00 on day 42 (p < 0.05). The concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol (COR), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) decreased (p < 0.05) at 07:00 on day 21, and T4 concentration decreased (p < 0.05) at 07:00 on day 42. The concentrations of interleukin-4 (IL-4), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) increased (p < 0.01) and the concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) decreased (p < 0.01) on days 21 and 42. The activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) increased (p < 0.05), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration decreased (p < 0.01) on day 21; the activities of T-SOD and catalase (CAT) increased (p < 0.05), and MDA concentration decreased (p < 0.01) on day 42. However, under the conditions of this experiment, water temperature did not affect the above indexes on days 21 and 42. These results indicated that adopting windproof facilities in a cold climate can mitigate the effects of atrocious weather on the production performance of donkeys.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Effects of Housing and Management Systems on the Growth, Immunity, Antioxidation, and Related Physiological and Biochemical Indicators of Donkeys in Cold Weather

Gao

Shi

Guo

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…Los resultados aquí encontrados resaltan la importancia de generar rangos de referencia para mulas, de acuerdo con su edad y raza y condiciones de manejo. La interpretación de los datos de patología clínica o parámetros hematológicos requiere conocimiento o una evaluación de lo que es considerado normal o asociado a salud, en el animal de interés, para evitar una mala interpretación del diagnóstico con parámetros que no corresponden al paciente objeto de estudio (26) .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Las diferencias en los valores de parámetros sanguíneos encontradas podrían ser producto de diferencias el análisis de laboratorio, edad, diversidad genética, prácticas de manejo, estado reproductivo, estado emocional y físico, condiciones geoclimáticas y adaptación al trabajo desarrollado por los individuos evaluados (21,27) . Como se ha demostrado en equinos, algunos conteos celulares pueden variar dependiendo del analizador automático utilizado o entre analizadores automáticos y el método manual (26) . En este caso, aunque el método fue manual, en caso de validación de resultados se requiere que las técnicas de laboratorio sean las mismas (22) .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Leucograma, proteínas totales y diferenciadas en mulares Equus mulus jóvenes de la policía en Boyacá (Colombia)

Ariza-Suárez

Gutierrez

García

et al. 2021

Ces. Med. Vet. Zootec.

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Objetivo. Determinar los valores leucocitarios, proteínas totales, fibrinógeno, albúmina y globulina en mulares sanos jóvenes pertenecientes a la Policía Nacional de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se muestrearon 50 mulares sanos entre machos y hembras. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre por venopunción yugular para el análisis de recuento total y diferencial de leucocitos, albúmina, globulina, y proteínas plasmáticas totales por medio de conteo en cámara de Neubauer, frotis sanguíneo y espectrofotometría. Los datos fueron analizados por estadística descriptiva, y se realizó un análisis comparativo con la media reportada para otros équidos utilizando la prueba de T-student (P<0,05) y la prueba de Wilcoxon. Se estableció una confiabilidad del 95% y un margen de error del 5%. Resultados. Los valores de leucocitos fueron: 11,32 ± 2,99 x 10⁹ células/μl Diferencial: Neutrófilos 5038,6 ± 2228,9 células/µl, Linfocitos: 5758 ± 1975,9 células/µl; monocitos 109,95 ± 156,9 células/µl, Relación N/L: 1,03 ± 0,66, Proteínas totales 7 ± 0,39 gr/dl, Albúmina 4,48 ± 0,18 gr/dl, globulina 2,51 ± 0,43 gr/dl, relación A/G 1,7 ± 0,71, fibrinógeno 206 ± 107,6. Conclusiones. Se encontraron diferencias de la media en el recuento de leucocitos totales, diferenciales y fibrinógeno, comparando con otros équidos; estos valores fueron más cercanos a los encontrados en burros catalanes jóvenes. Con otros mulares jóvenes no hubo diferencias en los valores de leucocitos, neutrófilos y linfocitos. Los valores medios de proteínas totales, albúmina y globulina, se encontraron muy cercanos a los valores reportados en equinos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran la importancia de investigar los parámetros hematológicos en mulares de acuerdo con la raza, la edad y el manejo.

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“…Measuring triglyceride concentrations and, to a lesser extent, cholesterol concentrations can provide more useful information. The interpretation of these serum parameters is confounded by the variability that exists in reference ranges for both analytes across the various species of equids, breeds, and studies [ 9 ]. Both LDL and VLDL contribute to the overall serum triglyceride concentrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Size Distribution of Plasma Lipoproteins in Donkeys from Death Valley Compared to a Sampling of Horses

Goodrich

Behling‐Kelly

2022

Animals

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The clinical evaluation of lipid metabolism in equids is often limited to the measurement of total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. This provides a limited picture of metabolic state and general health, given the continuous exchange of lipid species between various lipoproteins. Major lipoprotein classes in equids include high-density lipoprotein (HDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and chylomicrons (CM). Unlike large breed horses, donkeys are highly susceptible to hepatic lipidosis. Currently, serum triglyceride concentrations serve as a surrogate marker of hepatic lipid exportation. Both VLDL, indicative of hepatic exportation, and its metabolic end-product, LDL, are rich in triglycerides, and contribute to this value. Diagnostic assays that distinguish VLDL from LDL could be useful in better recognizing the hepatic pathology in donkeys. The compositional differences of lipoproteins across species limit the use of commercially available assays developed for the measurement of human lipoproteins in domestic animals. In this study, we evaluated a high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method (Lipoprint®) for separating major lipoprotein classes and sub-fractionating LDL and HDL based on particle size in a large group of donkeys, and compared the pattern to a representative set of horses. Donkeys proved an HDL-rich species, with HDL accounting for the bulk of all lipoproteins (average 78.45%, SD 6.6%, range 92.2–55%). VLDL accounted for a large portion of the total (average 21.6%, SD 6.6%, range 37.1–7.8%), with minimal amounts of LDL detected. The horses tested had higher proportions of VLDL as compared to donkeys (31.7% and 21.6%, respectively p = 0.00008). The later finding draws into question the purported relationship between VLDL, high triglycerides, and hepatic lipidosis, given the incidence of the disease in donkeys is far higher than in horses.

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Clinical Pathology of Donkeys and Mules

Cited by 14 publications

References 46 publications

Effects of Housing and Management Systems on the Growth, Immunity, Antioxidation, and Related Physiological and Biochemical Indicators of Donkeys in Cold Weather

Effects of Housing and Management Systems on the Growth, Immunity, Antioxidation, and Related Physiological and Biochemical Indicators of Donkeys in Cold Weather

Leucograma, proteínas totales y diferenciadas en mulares Equus mulus jóvenes de la policía en Boyacá (Colombia)

Particle Size Distribution of Plasma Lipoproteins in Donkeys from Death Valley Compared to a Sampling of Horses

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