Clinical phenotypes of euthyroid, hyperthyroid, and hypothyroid thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

Yang, Mei; Wang, Yujiao; Du, Baixue; He, Weimin

doi:10.1007/s00417-023-05998-2

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…Some patients with chronic thyroiditis also develop TED ( 13 ). In some cases, TED can be found in patients with either hypothyroidism or normal thyroid function, which may be attributed to the gender and age of the patients ( 15 , 16 ). However, according to the currently available case reports, most of the ICIs-treated patients who developed TED are euthyroid ( Table 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune checkpoints: new insights into the pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease

Shu,

Shao,

Chen

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a disfiguring autoimmune disease characterized by changes in the orbital tissues and is caused by abnormal thyroid function or thyroid-related antibodies. It is the ocular manifestation of Graves’ disease. The expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) and the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1 R) on the cell membrane of orbital fibroblasts (OFs) is responsible for TED pathology. Excessive inflammation is caused when these receptors in the orbit are stimulated by autoantibodies. CD34+ fibrocytes, found in the peripheral blood and orbital tissues of patients with TED, express immune checkpoints (ICs) like MHC II, B7, and PD-L1, indicating their potential role in presenting antigens and regulating the immune response in TED pathogenesis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have significantly transformed cancer treatment. However, it can also lead to the occurrence of TED in some instances, suggesting the abnormality of ICs in TED. This review will examine the overall pathogenic mechanism linked to the immune cells of TED and then discuss the latest research findings on the immunomodulatory role of ICs in the development and pathogenesis of TED. This will offer fresh perspectives on the study of pathogenesis and the identification of potential therapeutic targets.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%