2019
DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30150-4
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Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Abstract: Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) frequently causes neurodevelopmental disorder, yet fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are often undiagnosed. Global prevalence rates of 0.77% for FASD and European / North American rates of 2-5% highlight the need for neurologists to engage in identification, assessment, and treatment of this preventable disorder. Diagnosis remains challenging because of limitations of self-report of drinking, lack of biomarkers, and infrequency of diagnostic dysmorphic facial features. Mul… Show more

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Cited by 226 publications
(205 citation statements)
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References 100 publications
(135 reference statements)
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“…These components will likely be differentially effective depending on individual cognitive profiles and depending on the developmental windows during which they are administered. Beyond individual interventions, at the public health level, it is critical to continue to address FASD through robust support of addiction treatment, alcohol abstinence, birth control, and public awareness that there is no safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy [71,72].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These components will likely be differentially effective depending on individual cognitive profiles and depending on the developmental windows during which they are administered. Beyond individual interventions, at the public health level, it is critical to continue to address FASD through robust support of addiction treatment, alcohol abstinence, birth control, and public awareness that there is no safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy [71,72].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Alcohol and its primary metabolite, acetaldehyde, are teratogens, and exposure during gestation detrimentally affects fetal development (1)(2)(3). More than 10% of pregnant women worldwide consume alcohol, and recent estimates suggest that 1% to 5% of US school-age children have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) (4)(5)(6)(7). FASD is an umbrella term describing a group of clinical conditions resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), including fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), and alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD) (8).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…FASD is an umbrella term describing a group of clinical conditions resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), including fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), and alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD) (8). FASD patients have variable features, including facial dysmorphology, microcephaly, cognitive and behavioral deficits, and organ malformations (7,(9)(10)(11). The physiological effects of PAE are thought to last a lifetime; however, the metabolic health outcomes of FASDs on patients are not well understood (12).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Currently, there is extensive evidence of the teratogenic effects of prenatal alcohol exposure, which can translate into a broad spectrum of abnormalities that make up what is known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) [1,2]. The damage caused to the forming nervous system is permanent and has a number of consequences for the biological development of the fetus as a whole, as well as for subsequent neurocognitive and social development in childhood and the other stages in lifespan [3]. FASD therefore represents a major health and socio-educational problem, since it is the main non-hereditary, avoidable cause of learning difficulties in developed countries, with serious consequences for new-born babies that will last their entire lives [4][5][6].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%