Clinical profile and management of granulomatosis with polyangiitis–associated scleritis from a tertiary care hospital in South India

Abstract

Purpose: To describe the clinical features and management of patients with scleritis associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) at a tertiary eye care center in South India. Methods: The clinical profile and management of patients presenting to a tertiary eye care center in South India with scleritis secondary to GPA from 2003 to 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. Scleritis was classified into anterior diffuse, nodular, and necrotizing scleritis with inflammation according to Watson and Hayreh’s classification. Demographic characteristics, clinical features, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) positivity, treatment response, ocular complications, and status at the last follow-up were analyzed. Statistical analysis of data was performed using Microsoft Excel 2019. Results: Nineteen eyes of 17 patients (15 cytoplasmic staining ANCA [c-ANCA], two p-ANCA positive) were included. Fifteen eyes had necrotizing scleritis, two had diffuse anterior scleritis, and two had nodular scleritis. Remission was induced using a combination of steroids and cyclophosphamide or rituximab. Maintenance therapy was instituted using tapering steroids and immunosuppressants like cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, methotrexate, or rituximab. Three eyes required a scleral patch graft. Fourteen patients had good anatomical and visual outcomes, and three were lost to follow-up. Conclusion: GPA is a rare disease, while it is the most common ANCA-associated vasculitis with scleritis. As scleritis may be the presenting sign of the disease, ophthalmologists must be aware of the various features suggestive of GPA. GPA-associated scleritis can have a good prognosis when diagnosed promptly and managed aggressively in the acute stage, and remission is maintained with adequate systemic immunosuppression.

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis with salivary glands involvement: Presenting a case and describing its clinical, pathophysiological, and therapeutic aspects

“…Such management can help to differentiate GPA from other misleading conditions. With respect to therapeutic approaches, the treatment of such patients is based on the combination of immunosuppressive drugs such as glucocorticoids, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and rituximab 22 . In more severe cases, plasmapheresis may be also indicated.…”

“…With respect to therapeutic approaches, the treatment of such patients is based on the combination of immunosuppressive drugs such as glucocorticoids, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and rituximab. 22 In more severe cases, plasmapheresis may be also indicated. In life‐threatening conditions, a combination of glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide was found to be a very effective regimen.…”