Clinical Recognition and Management of Patients Exposed to Biological Warfare Agents

Franz, David R.

doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550050061035

Cited by 438 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Staphylococcal enterotoxins form a closely related group of proteins produced by some strains of Staphylococcus aureus that cause food-poisoning in humans [11]. Staphylococcal enterotoxins have molecular masses in the range of 26-30 kDa and possess similar structures, consisting of a single polypeptide chain that contains a single disulfide loop [32,33].…”

Section: Analysis Of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Variantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microchip separations of protein biotoxins using an integrated hand-held device

et al. 2005

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We report the development of a hand-held instrument capable of performing two simultaneous microchip separations (gel and zone electrophoresis), and demonstrate this instrument for the detection of protein biotoxins. Two orthogonal analysis methods are chosen over a single method in order to improve the probability of positive identification of the biotoxin in an unknown mixture. Separations are performed on a single fused-silica wafer containing two separation channels. The chip is housed in a microfluidic manifold that utilizes o-ring sealed fittings to enable facile and reproducible fluidic connection to the chip. Sample is introduced by syringe injection into a septum-sealed port on the device exterior that connects to a sample loop etched onto the chip. Detection of low nanomolar concentrations of fluorescamine-labeled proteins is achieved using a miniaturized laser-induced fluorescence detection module employing two diode lasers, one per separation channel. Independently controlled miniature high-voltage power supplies enable fully programmable electrokinetic sample injection and analysis. As a demonstration of the portability of this instrument, we evaluated its performance in a laboratory field test at the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory with a series of biotoxin variants. The two separation methods cleanly distinguish between members of a biotoxin test set. Analysis of naturally occurring variants of ricin and two closely related staphylococcal enterotoxins indicates the two methods can be used to readily identify ricin in its different forms and can discriminate between two enterotoxin isoforms.

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Section: Analysis Of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Variantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Protein biotoxins, such as ricin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and botulinum toxin, present a threat as potential biowarfare agents [10][11][12]. In order to detect trace levels of these toxins in the environment, high detection sensitivity is required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microchip separations of protein biotoxins using an integrated hand-held device

et al. 2005

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“…[1][2][3][4] Although the toxin has found its way to the applications of medical treatments and cosmetic improvements, 5,6 the potential use as a bioweapon in terrorism still largely remains. The BoNT/A serotype has lethal dose of 1.3 ng/kg, and it is estimated that one gram of the aerosolized toxin can kill as much as 1 million people.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer-aided identification, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel inhibitors for botulinum neurotoxin serotype A

Teng

Berger

Nesbitt

et al. 2015

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry

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Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are among the most potent biological toxin known to humans, and are classified as Category A bioterrorism agents by the Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC). There are seven known BoNT serotypes (A-G) which have been thus far identified in literature. BoNTs have been shown to block neurotransmitter release by cleaving proteins of the soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex. Disruption of the SNARE complex precludes motor neuron failure which ultimately results in flaccid paralysis in humans and animals. Currently, there are no effective therapeutic treatments against the neurotoxin light chain (LC) after translocation into the cytosols of motor neurons. In this work, high-throughput in silico screening was employed to screen a library of commercially available compounds from ZINC database against BoNT/A-LC. Among the hit compounds from the in silico screening, two lead compounds were identified and found to have potent inhibitory activity against BoNT/A-LC in vitro, as well as in Neuro-2a cells. A few analogs of the lead compounds were synthesized and their potency examined. One of these analogs showed an enhanced activity than the lead compounds.

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“…A very low infectious dose of 1 to 10 virions is sufficient to cause infection in nonhuman primates after aerosol exposure (10). The incubation period ranges from 2 to 21 days, with an average of 8 to 10 days.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ebola Virus: a Clear and Present Danger

Burd

2015

J Clin Microbiol

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An epidemic of Ebola virus disease is occurring in Western Africa on a scale not seen before, particularly in the countries of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. The continued spread is facilitated by insufficient medical facilities, poor sanitation, travel, and unsafe burial practices. Several patients diagnosed with Ebola virus disease in Africa have been evacuated to the United States for treatment, and several other patients have been diagnosed in the United States. It is important for laboratories to be aware of available tests, especially those granted emergency use authorization, as hospitals prepare protocols for the diagnosis and management of high-risk patients.

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Clinical Recognition and Management of Patients Exposed to Biological Warfare Agents

Cited by 438 publications

References 5 publications

Microchip separations of protein biotoxins using an integrated hand-held device

Microchip separations of protein biotoxins using an integrated hand-held device

Computer-aided identification, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel inhibitors for botulinum neurotoxin serotype A

Ebola Virus: a Clear and Present Danger

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