Clinical Relevance of Cathelicidin in Infectious Disease

Linde, Annika; Lushington, Gerald H.; Abello, Javier; Melgarejo, Tonatiuh

doi:10.4172/2155-9899.s13-003

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…The use of animal models showed that although LL-37 and its derivatives were induced in murine skin in response to C. albicans infection, this induction did not confer subcutaneous resistance to the organism [38]. Based on these results, it was suggested that these peptides may be of primary importance in forming a barrier against fungal infections on the skin surface [38], given that the dysregulated production of LL-37 and its derivatives has been strongly associated with skin disease due to fungi and other microbes [137,138,139]. Hepcidin, (hep-25) is a human β-sheet hormone that has a well-established role in iron homeostasis [140] and has been shown to exhibit pH dependent antimicrobial activity [39].…”

Section: An Overview Of Ph Dependent Peptides and Proteins With Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

pH Dependent Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins, Their Mechanisms of Action and Potential as Therapeutic Agents

et al. 2016

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Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potent antibiotics of the innate immune system that have been extensively investigated as a potential solution to the global problem of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microbes. A group of AMPs that are increasingly being reported are those that utilise pH dependent antimicrobial mechanisms, and here we review research into this area. This review shows that these antimicrobial molecules are produced by a diverse spectrum of creatures, including vertebrates and invertebrates, and are primarily cationic, although a number of anionic examples are known. Some of these molecules exhibit high pH optima for their antimicrobial activity but in most cases, these AMPs show activity against microbes that present low pH optima, which reflects the acidic pH generally found at their sites of action, particularly the skin. The modes of action used by these molecules are based on a number of major structure/function relationships, which include metal ion binding, changes to net charge and conformational plasticity, and primarily involve the protonation of histidine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid residues at low pH. The pH dependent activity of pore forming antimicrobial proteins involves mechanisms that generally differ fundamentally to those used by pH dependent AMPs, which can be described by the carpet, toroidal pore and barrel-stave pore models of membrane interaction. A number of pH dependent AMPs and antimicrobial proteins have been developed for medical purposes and have successfully completed clinical trials, including kappacins, LL-37, histatins and lactoferrin, along with a number of their derivatives. Major examples of the therapeutic application of these antimicrobial molecules include wound healing as well as the treatment of multiple cancers and infections due to viruses, bacteria and fungi. In general, these applications involve topical administration, such as the use of mouth washes, cream formulations and hydrogel delivery systems. Nonetheless, many pH dependent AMPs and antimicrobial proteins have yet to be fully characterized and these molecules, as a whole, represent an untapped source of novel biologically active agents that could aid fulfillment of the urgent need for alternatives to conventional antibiotics, helping to avert a return to the pre-antibiotic era.

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Section: An Overview Of Ph Dependent Peptides and Proteins With Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

pH Dependent Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins, Their Mechanisms of Action and Potential as Therapeutic Agents

et al. 2016

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“…It is expressed during infection and kills bacteria via membrane interactions [ 62 ]. Studies have shown that expression of LL-37 is increased up to six-fold in atherosclerotic lesions [ 63 ]. The peptide LL-37 is produced by cells of the immune system: neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and epithelial cells [ 64 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterobacterales Biofilm-Specific Genes and Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Blood of Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease

Giedraitiene,

Tatarunas,

Kaminskaite

et al. 2024

Diagnostics

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Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the most prevalent type of cardiovascular disease. The main cause of IHD is atherosclerosis, which is a multifactorial inflammatory disease of blood vessels. Studies show that bacteria might have a significant impact on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and plaque rupture. This study aimed to evaluate the complexity of interactions between bacteria and the human body concerning metabolites and bacterial genes in patients with ischemic heart disease. Methods: Bacterial 16S rDNA and wcaF, papC, and sdhC genes were detected in whole blood using a real-time PCR methodology. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the concentration of the LL-37 protein. An analysis of ARA in blood plasma was performed. Results: Bacterial 16S rDNA was detected in 31% of the study patients, and the genes wcaF and sdhC in 20%. Enterobacterales genes were detected more frequently in patients younger than 65 years than in patients aged 65 years and older (p = 0.018) and in patients with type 2 diabetes (p = 0.048). Concentrations of the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and 12S-HETE concentrations were determined to be higher if patients had 16S rDNA and biofilm-specific genes. Conclusions: The results of this study enhance the understanding that Enterobacterales bacteria may participate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and IHD. Bacterial DNA and host metabolites in higher concentrations appear to be detected.

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“…Described endogenous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) present in the urinary tract include, e.g., defensins, cathelicidin (LL-37), hepcidin and ribonuclease 7 (RNAse 7) (Zasloff, 2007;Linde et al, 2013;Spencer et al, 2014a, b). Other proteins with antimicrobial properties include lactoferrin, lipocalin and secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor (Ragnarsdóttir and Svanborg, 2012;Spencer et al, 2014a).…”

Section: Interactions Between Sex Hormones and Components Of The Immu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Putative Effects of Sex Hormones on Urinary Tract Infection

Brachtlová,

Gardlík,

Tóthová

2017

Fol. Biol.

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Urinary tract infections affect mostly females. The infection and possible consequent ascent of bacteria is enhanced by various risk factors. Sex hormones regulate gene transcription implicated in immune cell development and maturation, in regulation of immune responses and immune signalling pathways. Limited knowledge is available; however, recent findings underline the importance of understanding the interactions between sex hormones and urinary tract infection to diminish the occurrence of complications related to this infection. This review summarizes and discusses the current knowledge on the correlation and impact of sex hormones on urinary tract infections.

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Clinical Relevance of Cathelicidin in Infectious Disease

Cited by 4 publications

References 111 publications

pH Dependent Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins, Their Mechanisms of Action and Potential as Therapeutic Agents

pH Dependent Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins, Their Mechanisms of Action and Potential as Therapeutic Agents

Enterobacterales Biofilm-Specific Genes and Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Blood of Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease

Putative Effects of Sex Hormones on Urinary Tract Infection

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