Clinical Relevance of Gut Microbiota Alterations under the Influence of Selected Drugs—Updated Review

Abstract

As pharmacology and science progress, we discover new generations of medicines. This relationship is a response to the increasing demand for medicaments and is powered by progress in medicine and research about the respective entities. However, we have questions about the efficiency of pharmacotherapy in individual groups of patients. The effectiveness of therapy is controlled by many variables, such as genetic predisposition, age, sex and diet. Therefore, we must also pay attention to the microbiota, which fulfill a lot of functions in the human body. Drugs used in psychiatry, gastroenterology, diabetology and other fields of medicine have been demonstrated to possess much potential to change the composition and probably the function of the intestinal microbiota, which consequently creates long-term risks of developing chronic diseases. The article describes the amazing interactions between gut microbes and drugs currently used in healthcare.

Mechanisms and Clinical Implications of Human Gut Microbiota-Drug Interactions in the Precision Medicine Era

“…A comprehensive comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions is imperative to optimize the utilization of bioactive compounds and leverage the potential of the gut microbiome as a therapeutic target or modulator. The effects of drugs on the abundance of individual microbes and dysbacteriosis have been reviewed thoroughly elsewhere [18][19][20][21], therefore, this review will emphasize the mechanisms and clinical implications of MDI on drugs, which can be roughly divided into three types: direct transformation of drugs by microbiota, indirect transformation of drugs by microbiota, and bioaccumulation of drugs by microbiota, as illustrated in the Figure 1.…”

Live and Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila Mechanisms of Action and Its Potential Use as an Aid in the Treatment of Non-communicable Diseases

“…In the course of neurodegenerative disorders, there is a significant increase in intestinal transit time [114] which leads to a proliferation of the microbiota [115] 3. The drugs used in the above-mentioned diseases can significantly affect the bacterial content, including Akkermansia muciniphila [116,117] 4. Bacterial contents in tests are given in relative abundances, which in practice means that their number (absolute value) is not necessarily higher [118] 5.…”

Untapped potential of gut microbiome for hypertension management

“… 78 All the processes and reactions conducted by the gut microbiota can unpredictably affect drug absorption, distribution, and metabolism. 79 Conversely, drugs entering the body may also alter the composition of gut microbiota, with significant effects on its structure and metabolic capacity. 80 Therefore, drug biotransformation and gut microbiota have mutual influences.…”