Clinical significance of vascular endothelial growth factor C and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma

Abstract

A temperature‐sensitive polymer, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) [poly(NIPAM)], was tested to flocculate kaolinite clay suspensions. Settling tests at both room temperature and 40°C were carried out. The results show that settling at 40°C resulted in significantly higher settling rates and smaller sediment volumes. This behavior indicates that the polymer molecules changed from a stretched structure to a coil‐like conformation with increasing temperature. It is the change in conformation that induced more compacted flocs, thus resulting in faster settling. To understand the role of temperature in the flocculation, the long‐range interaction and adhesion forces between kaolinite clay particles in the polymer solutions at both room temperature and 40°C were measured using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The measured adhesion forces correlated well with the settling characteristics: a stronger adhesion led to a higher initial settling rate. The retraction force profiles obtained at different temperatures confirmed the conformational change of the polymer with temperature. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007.

Clinical application of biological markers for treatments of resectable non-small-cell lung cancers

“…The present study also demonstrated that the survival of patients with stage I NSCLCs was significantly lower in patients with hypervascular tumours than in patients with hypovascular tumours. In addition, VEGF-C expression, another member of the VEGF family and reported to induce lymphangiogenesis (Skobe et al, 2001), was also associated with the prognosis of stage I patients, as reported previously (Kajita et al, 2001;Arinaga et al, 2003). Furthermore, previous clinical studies have shown that reduced expressions of several metastatic suppressor genes, including E-cadherin (Sulzer et al, 1998;Liu et al, 2001), MRP-1/CD9, and KAI1/CD82 , are also associated with nodal metastases and a poor prognosis of patients with stage I NSCLCs.…”

“…Concerning TS expression, when the HSCORE of TS in a given specimen was X30, the sample was classified as TS-positive (Huang et al, 2000). Expressions of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and E-cadherin were classified as follows: when X30% of the carcinoma cells in a given specimen were positively stained for VEGF-A, the sample was classified as VEGF-A-positive (Masuya et al, 2001); when X30% of the carcinoma cells in a given specimen were positively stained for VEGF-C, the sample was classified as VEGF-C-positive (Arinaga et al, 2003); and when X50% of the carcinoma cells in a given specimen were positively stained for E-cadherin, the sample was classified as E-cadherinpositive ).…”

Immunodetection and quantification of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐3 in human malignant tumor tissues

“…41,42 Several reports have reported elevated levels of VEGFR-3 expression in tumors. 41,43,44 Nevertheless, a lack of correlation between density of a variety of lymphatic markers and lymphatic metastasis in cancer patients has also been reported. 45 The ELISA we report here should help to resolve these conflicting findings, especially as with the exception of a few studies using antibodies to detect VEGFR-3 by immunohistochemistry, most investigations used RT-PCR or Northern blot techniques.…”

Role of Lymphatic Vessels in Tumor Immunity: Passive Conduits or Active Participants?

“…The tolerance-maintaining functions of the draining LN are thereby critically linked to the functionality of peripheral lymphatics, the pattern of drainage and inflammatory state of the tissue lymphatic vessels [1,115]. Expression of the lymphangiogenic factors VEGF-C and -D is significantly correlated with lymphangiogenesis (tumoral and nodal) and LN metastasis in a variety of primary tumors including thyroid, prostate, gastric, colorectal, lung and breast in both human and animal models [17,20,116,117]. Although VEGF-C is well-correlated with cancer metastasis, the requirement for tumor lymphangiogenesis is controversial, and there is evidence that VEGF-C can promote metastasis in the absence of tumor lymphangiogenesis [118][119][120][121][122][123].…”