Clinical Tick-Borne Encephalitis in a Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus L.)

Rold, Graziana Da; Obber, Federica; Monne, Isabella; Milani, Adelaide; Ravagnan, Silvia; Toniolo, Federica; Sgubin, Sofia; Zamperin, Gianpiero; Foiani, Greta; Vascellari, Marta; Drzewnioková, Petra; Castellan, Martina; Benedictis, Paola De; Citterio, Carlo Vittorio

doi:10.3390/v14020300

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…This study supplies the first immunohistochemical description of immune cell subpopulation distribution in roe and fallow deer’s spleen and lymph nodes. The localization and distribution of the principal cells of the immune system of these species were similar to that reported in domestic ruminants [ 27 , 28 , 29 ] and in the few studies conducted on secondary hemolymphatic cervid organs like RAMALT and LMN of red deer [ 30 ] and haemal nodes of roe deer [ 20 ]. Similar investigations were also carried out on peripheral lymphoid tissue in many other wild mammalian species [ 31 ], including chamois [ 14 ], raccoon [ 26 ], Iberian lynx [ 32 ], Tasmanian devil [ 33 ], and tammar wallaby [ 34 ] among others.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

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Immunohistochemical Characterization of Immune System Cells in Lymphoid Organs from Roe and Fallow Deer

Fonti

Parisi

Millanta

et al. 2022

Animals

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Roe and Fallow deer are common wild ruminants widely distributed in Italy. Infectious diseases of these species can potentially pose health risks to domestic animals and humans. However, few studies have been conducted in which immune system cells in these species were phenotyped. The aims of this study were to determine the cross-reactivity of a wide anti-human panel of commercial antibodies on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples and to describe the distribution of roe and fallow deer main immune cell subsets in the lymph nodes and spleen. Twenty retromandibular lymph nodes (RLNs) and spleen samples were collected from 10 roe deer and 10 fallow deer and were tested by a panel of 12 commercial anti-human antibodies. The CD79a, CD20, CD3, Iba-1, MAC387, and AM-3K antibodies were successfully labeled cells in cervine tissue, while the Foxp3 and the CD68 did not show suitable immunostaining. This study supplies the first immunohistochemical description of immune cell subpopulations in non-pathological spleen and RLNs from roe and fallow deer and provides an easily repeatable manual IHC protocol to immunolocalize cervine B-, T-cells, and macrophages subsets in FFPE tissue samples.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Unfortunately, few studies have been conducted on haemal nodes and pathological tissues from roe deer [ 18 , 19 , 20 ] and fallow deer [ 21 , 22 ] in which the immune system cells have been phenotyped. Furthermore, no commercial antibodies specifically developed against antigens of these species are available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical Characterization of Immune System Cells in Lymphoid Organs from Roe and Fallow Deer

Fonti

Parisi

Millanta

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…Samples in this study were tested for CvHV-1 as it is a frequently reported disease in cervids, although with pathological localization mainly occurring at the ocular level [8,9]; BoAstVCH13/Neuro S1, instead, was studied as an emerging pathogen, described in ruminants in association with encephalitis [10]. The recent findings of Da Rold described animals affected by TBE with a moderate, multifocal encephalitis characterized by perivascular cuffs and neuropil of lymphocytes and histiocytes in both grey and white matter similar to the lesions present in some of our samples [11]. In addition, minimal to mild non-suppurative meningoencephalitis referable to BVDV is relatively common in adult cervids [12].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Chronic Wasting Disease Monitoring in Italy 2017–2019: Neuropathological Findings in Cervids

Tripodi

Lazzara³

et al. 2022

Pathogens

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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease that affects cervids; it is classified under transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). CWD is particularly contagious, making its eradication in endemic areas very difficult and creating serious problems for cervid conservation and breeding. It has recently become an emerging public health risk to be managed by health authorities. Starting in 2017, active CWD surveillance in Italy has intensified with the monitoring of wild and farmed cervids. The present study summarizes findings from a histopathological survey of the brains from wild ruminants collected via CWD monitoring between 2017 and 2019. A total of 113 brains from 62 red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 51 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) were submitted for analysis at the National Reference Center for Animal Encephalopathies (CEA) to determine major patterns of neuropathological lesions and correlated pathogens. Brain lesions were detected in 20 animals, 10 brain samples were unsuitable for examination, and 83 presented no lesions. Neuropathological examination revealed non-suppurative encephalitis or meningoencephalitis in most cases (15/20). This brain study revealed evidence for the absence of CWD in Italy and provided a reference spectrum of neuropathological lesions for differential diagnosis in cervids.

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“…In animals, the virus is rarely pathogenic, and most animals with TBEV-antibodies have no clinical symptoms. Nevertheless, cases with neurological disease in animals such as sheep, goats, horses, monkeys, deer and even dogs have been published [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. The virulence of virus in milk or dairy products can last up until 25 days [ 15 ], depending on storage temperature and the viral load [ 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus RNA Found in Frozen Goat’s Milk in a Family Outbreak

Mylonaki

Seiberl

Jones

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is one of the commonest arthropod-borne viral diseases in Middle-East Europe and North Asia. The main reservoir of the virus is comprised of small rodents and domestic mammals with the common tick (Ixodes) being the usual vector. The clinical spectrum of TBE ranges from mild meningitis to severe meningoencephalomyelitis. This disease can lead to severe sequelae and has a mortality up to 2% in Europe. Even though the majority of cases are transmitted through bites of infected ticks, infections through ingestion of contaminated milk and dairy products from farms in endemic areas have been reported. We report a family outbreak of a febrile disease, initially suggestive of human-to-human infection, during the early summertime in Austria. Tick-borne encephalitis was diagnosed following consumption of unpasteurised goat’s milk and the virus was subsequently detected in frozen milk samples. Although this is a rare manifestation of TBE, this case series shows that TBE should be included in the differential diagnosis of an outbreak of febrile disease, and a careful clinical history with reference to unpasteurized dairy products is crucial in order to prevent further disease spread. The best preventive measure is active immunisation of people living in, or travelling to, endemic areas.

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Clinical Tick-Borne Encephalitis in a Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus L.)

Cited by 9 publications

References 59 publications

Immunohistochemical Characterization of Immune System Cells in Lymphoid Organs from Roe and Fallow Deer

Immunohistochemical Characterization of Immune System Cells in Lymphoid Organs from Roe and Fallow Deer

Chronic Wasting Disease Monitoring in Italy 2017–2019: Neuropathological Findings in Cervids

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus RNA Found in Frozen Goat’s Milk in a Family Outbreak

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