Clinical Trial of Promazine Hydrochloride and Acetylpromazine in Chronic Schizophrenic Patients

Urquhart, Richard; Forrest, A. D.

doi:10.1192/bjp.105.438.260

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…References to the specific family structure which is conducive to double bind situations are relatively numerous, though brief (1, 10, 12, 21, 35, 37, 39, 45, 50, 61, 64, 83, 85, 89, 90, 91, 92). By and large, these authors agree that the mother is the dominant parent whose pathological influence on the child is not sufficiently counteracted by the typically rather weak or withdrawn father.…”

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confidence: 87%

“…Also, Rosenthal (65), in a study on identity confusion in twins, refers to the double bind concept as one of the patterns of mother‐child relationship leading to this confusion. Clausen and Kohn (21), Rioch (63), Meyers and Goldfarb (55), Goldfarb (38), Varley (85), and Spiegel and Bell (78) concur in the specificity of the double bind situation in the families of schizophrenics.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Still on the subject of the resolution of double binds in the treatment situation, mention must be made to various articles briefly dealing with different aspects of the problem, i.e. Novey (57), Cohen (23), Varley (85) Lichtenberg and Pao (49), and Ruesch (67).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of the Double Bind Theory

Watzlawick

1963

Family Process

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confidence: 87%

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confidence: 99%

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A Review of the Double Bind Theory

Watzlawick

1963

Family Process

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“…Since acepromazine did not show any significant therapeutic effect for the treatment of human psychiatric disorders, it is not clinically used at present [1234]. However, acepromazine is one of the most widely used sedative in veterinary medicine [5].…”

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confidence: 99%

Acepromazine inhibits hERG potassium ion channels expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells

Joo

Lee

Choi

et al. 2017

Korean J Physiol Pharmacol

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The effects of acepromazine on human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channels were investigated using whole-cell voltage-clamp technique in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells transfected with hERG. The hERG currents were recorded with or without acepromazine, and the steady-state and peak tail currents were analyzed for the evaluating the drug effects. Acepromazine inhibited the hERG currents in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 1.5 µM and Hill coefficient of 1.1. Acepromazine blocked hERG currents in a voltage-dependent manner between –40 and +10 mV. Before and after application of acepromazine, the half activation potentials of hERG currents changed to hyperpolarizing direction. Acepromazine blocked both the steady-state hERG currents by depolarizing pulse and the peak tail currents by repolarizing pulse; however, the extent of blocking by acepromazine in the repolarizing pulse was more profound than that in the depolarizing pulse, indicating that acepromazine has a high affinity for the open state of the channels, with a relatively lower affinity for the closed state of hERG channels. A fast application of acepromazine during the tail currents inhibited the open state of hERG channels in a concentration-dependent. The steady-state inactivation of hERG currents shifted to the hyperpolarized direction by acepromazine. These results suggest that acepromazine inhibits the hERG channels probably by an open- and inactivated-channel blocking mechanism. Regarding to the fact that the hERG channels are the potential target of drug-induced long QT syndrome, our results suggest that acepromazine can possibly induce a cardiac arrhythmia through the inhibition of hERG channels.

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Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia

Thornley¹,

Rathbone

et al. 2003

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Background Chlorpromazine, formulated in the 1950s, remains a benchmark treatment for people with schizophrenia. Objectives To review the effects of chlorpromazine compared with placebo, for the treatment of schizophrenia. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Trials Register (15 May 2012). We also searched references of all identified studies for further trial citations. We contacted pharmaceutical companies and authors of trials for additional information. Selection criteria We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing chlorpromazine with placebo for people with schizophrenia and nonaffective serious/chronic mental illness irrespective of mode of diagnosis. Primary outcomes of interest were death, violent behaviours, overall improvement, relapse and satisfaction with care. Data collection and analysis We independently inspected citations and abstracts, ordered papers, re-inspected and quality assessed these. We analysed dichotomous data using risk ratio (RR) and estimated the 95% confidence interval (CI) around this. We excluded continuous data if more than 50% of participants were lost to follow-up. Where continuous data were included, we analysed this data using mean difference (MD) with a 95% confidence interval. We used a fixed-effect model. Main results We inspected over 1100 electronic records. The review currently includes 315 excluded studies and 55 included studies. The quality of the evidence is very low. We found chlorpromazine reduced the number of participants experiencing a relapse compared with placebo during six months to two years follow-up (n=512, 3 RCTs, RR 0.65 CI 0.47 to 0.90), but data were heterogeneous. No difference was found in relapse rates in the short, medium or long term over two years, although data were also heterogeneous. We found chlorpromazine provided a global improvement in a person's symptoms and functioning (n=1164, 14 RCTs, RR 0.71 CI 0.58 to 0.86). Fewer people allocated to chlorpromazine left trials early (n=1831, 27 RCTs, RR 0.64 CI 0.53 to 0.78) compared with placebo. There are many adverse effects. Chlorpromazine is clearly sedating (n=1627, 23 RCTs, RR 2.79 CI 2.25 to 3.45), it increases 1 Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia (Review)

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Clinical Trial of Promazine Hydrochloride and Acetylpromazine in Chronic Schizophrenic Patients

Cited by 7 publications

References 14 publications

A Review of the Double Bind Theory

A Review of the Double Bind Theory

Acepromazine inhibits hERG potassium ion channels expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells

Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia

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