Clinicopathologic features of an unusual outbreak of cryptococcosis in dogs, cats, ferrets, and a bird: 38 cases (January to July 2003)

Lester, Sally; Kowalewich, Natalie J.; Bartlett, Karen H.; Krockenberger, M. B.; Fairfax, Theyne M.; Malík, Richard

doi:10.2460/javma.2004.225.1716

Cited by 90 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In Canada, a multivariate survival analysis revealed that CNS infection but not respiratory disease or other medical history was a significant predictor of mortality (171). Retroviral infection in cats does not appear to predispose them to cryptococcosis (172). The prevalence of C. gattii infection in cats with feline immunodeficiency virus or feline leukemia virus infection is not known.…”

Section: Gattii Infection In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These aspects are not reviewed, but the salient features of C. gattii infection in various animals are presented. Case reports and moderate-to-large case series of C. gattii in cats abound (37,169,(171)(172)(173)(176)(177)(178)(179)(180)(181)(182). A review of the major studies where the etiologic cryptococcal species were reported indicates that there are no clinical features which reliably distinguish disease caused by C. neoformans from that due to C. gattii.…”

Section: Gattii Infection In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Owners may report lethargy and poor appetite in their pets, but fever is uncommon (168,169). Disseminated infection occurs in 8 to 16% of cases, and any organ may be affected, including the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts (169,172,173,175,178). In Canada, a multivariate survival analysis revealed that CNS infection but not respiratory disease or other medical history was a significant predictor of mortality (171).…”

Section: Gattii Infection In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptococcus gattii Infections

2014

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SUMMARY Understanding of the taxonomy and phylogeny of Cryptococcus gattii has been advanced by modern molecular techniques. C. gattii probably diverged from Cryptococcus neoformans between 16 million and 160 million years ago, depending on the dating methods applied, and maintains diversity by recombining in nature. South America is the likely source of the virulent C. gattii VGII molecular types that have emerged in North America. C. gattii shares major virulence determinants with C. neoformans , although genomic and transcriptomic studies revealed that despite similar genomes, the VGIIa and VGIIb subtypes employ very different transcriptional circuits and manifest differences in virulence phenotypes. Preliminary evidence suggests that C. gattii VGII causes severe lung disease and death without dissemination, whereas C. neoformans disseminates readily to the central nervous system (CNS) and causes death from meningoencephalitis. Overall, currently available data indicate that the C. gattii VGI, VGII, and VGIII molecular types more commonly affect nonimmunocompromised hosts, in contrast to VGIV. New, rapid, cheap diagnostic tests and imaging modalities are assisting early diagnosis and enabling better outcomes of cerebral cryptococcosis. Complications of CNS infection include increased intracranial pressure, severe neurological sequelae, and development of immune reconstitution syndrome, although the mortality rate is low. C. gattii VGII isolates may exhibit higher fluconazole MICs than other genotypes. Optimal therapeutic regimens are yet to be determined; in most cases, initial therapy with amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine is recommended.

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Section: Gattii Infection In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gattii Infection In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gattii Infection In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptococcus gattii Infections

2014

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“…Similarly, cats and dogs with cryptococcosis are often treated with fluconazole monotherapy because of its relatively low cost, ease of administration, and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Response to treatment can be slow or inadequate, and reported rates of successful disease control or cure range from 7 to 100% in cats and 27% in dogs (8)(9)(10)(11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal Drug Susceptibility and Phylogenetic Diversity among Cryptococcus Isolates from Dogs and Cats in North America

et al. 2014

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f Molecular types of the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex that infect dogs and cats differ regionally and with host species. Antifungal drug susceptibility can vary with molecular type, but the susceptibility of Cryptococcus isolates from dogs and cats is largely unknown. Cryptococcus isolates from 15 dogs and 27 cats were typed using URA5 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP), PCR fingerprinting, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Susceptibility was determined using a microdilution assay (Sensititre YeastOne; Trek Diagnostic Systems). MICs were compared among groups. The 42 isolates studied comprised molecular types VGI (7%), VGIIa (7%), VGIIb (5%), VGIIc (5%), VGIII (38%), VGIV (2%), VNI (33%), and VNII (2%), as determined by URA5 RFLP. The VGIV isolate was more closely related to VGIII according to MLST. All VGIII isolates were from cats. All sequence types identified from veterinary isolates clustered with isolates from humans. VGIII isolates showed considerable genetic diversity compared with other Cryptococcus molecular types and could be divided into two major subgroups. Compared with C. neoformans MICs, C. gattii MICs were lower for flucytosine, and VGIII MICs were lower for flucytosine and itraconazole. For all drugs except itraconazole, C. gattii isolates exhibited a wider range of MICs than C. neoformans. MICs varied with Cryptococcus species and molecular type in dogs and cats, and MICs of VGIII isolates were most variable and may reflect phylogenetic diversity in this group. Because sequence types of dogs and cats reflect those infecting humans, these observations may also have implications for treatment of human cryptococcosis.

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“…The incidence in cats is, in fact, far higher than in other domestic species and fastidious grooming behaviour as well as the breathing pattern of cats could contribute to increased delivery of the fungus to the nasal cavity, or the difference may relate to species-specific host 11 There were a total of 119 cases of feline cryptococcosis for which the original presenting clinical signs were recorded: 39.5% cats presented with CNS signs, 28% had pulmonary or other respiratory signs, 25% had skin or nasal granulomas, while 3.3% had mandibular lymph node enlargement, 2.5% presented with gastrointestinal signs and 1.7% had renal signs. Forty-six cases were typed; 42 of these were C. gattii VGIIa while four cases, all with skin granulomas, were C. neoformans var.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%