Clinicopathological Studies of Gastrointestinal Disease in Macaques

Holmberg, C. A.; Leininger, R. I.; Wheeldon, Eric B.; Slater, David; Henrickson, Roy V.; Anderson, Jonathan D.

doi:10.1177/030098588201907s12

Cited by 31 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…In the present study we examined neotropical primates with and without signs of enteric disease for the presence of E. coli with diarrheagenic potential. We observed a significant difference (P ϭ 0.00003) between the percentage of animals that died among those with diarrhea and/or enteritis (94%) compared with the percentage that died from the animals which showed no signs of diarrhea and/or enteritis (21%), indicating that these phenomena (diarrhea and/or enteritis and death) are related, as also reported by others (20,21).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Characterization of Monkey Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Human Typical and Atypical EPEC Serotype Isolates from Neotropical Nonhuman Primates

et al. 2003

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Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) has been associated with infantile diarrhea and mortality in humans in developing countries. While diarrhea is also a major problem among primates kept in captivity, the role of E. coli is unclear. This study was designed to characterize diarrheagenic E. coli recovered from the feces of 56 New World nonhuman primates, primarily marmosets (Callithrix spp.). Seventeen of the 56 primates had signs of diarrhea and/or enteritis. E. coli recovered from feces from these animals was tested by PCR for genes encoding virulence factors of diarrheagenic E. coli and for patterns of adherence to HeLa cells. In addition, isolates were characterized by the fluorescence actin staining test and by their ability to induce attaching and effacing lesions. PCR for the eae gene was positive in 10 of the 39 (27%) apparently healthy animals and in 8 of the 17 (47%) animals with diarrhea and/or enteritis. Colonies of eae ؉ E. coli were serotyped and examined by PCR for genes encoding EPEC virulence markers. The eae ؉ E. coli isolates recovered from both healthy and sick nonhuman primates demonstrated virulence-associated attributes similar to those of EPEC strains implicated in human disease and are designated monkey EPEC. The results presented here indicate that EPEC may be a significant pathogen for nonhuman primates, deserving further investigation. The similarities between the affected animals investigated in this study and human EPEC infections suggest that marmosets may represent an important model for EPEC in humans.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Characterization of Monkey Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Human Typical and Atypical EPEC Serotype Isolates from Neotropical Nonhuman Primates

et al. 2003

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“…By 1955, infection control plans reduced the overall mortality rate to 7.6% of the 36,248 animals imported, but did not prevent the spread of enteric disease [Schneider et al, 1960]. Sixty years later, diarrhea remains a significant source of morbidity and mortality for captive macaques [Elfenbein & McCowan, 2012; Gomez et al, 2003; Habermann & Williams, 1957; Holmberg et al, 1982; Russell et al, 1988; Schneider et al, 1960]. Diarrheal disease is particularly challenging to manage in social housing environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factor Analysis May Provide Clues to Diarrhea Prevention in Outdoor‐Housed Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Prongay

Park

Murphy

2013

American J Primatol

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Seventy-five percent of rhesus macaques at national primate research centers are housed outside. Annually, 15–39% of these animals experience diarrhea and require veterinary treatment for dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, or weight loss. An estimated 21–33% of these patients will die or be euthanized. Many studies have explored the various infectious etiologies of non-human primate diarrhea. However, there is little published information on diarrhea incidence rates and risk factors in outdoor-housed rhesus macaques. Without this information, it is challenging to determine endemic and epidemic diarrhea levels, or to develop and evaluate mitigation strategies. Using electronic medical records, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to calculate diarrhea incidence rates for rhesus macaques (N = 3,181) housed in three different outdoor housing types (corrals, shelters, and temporary housing) at the Oregon National Primate Research Center between November 1, 2009 and October 31, 2010. With multiple logistic regression analysis, we determined the relative risk of housing type, sex, and age on development of diarrhea. Diarrhea incidence and mortality in our population was lower than many published ranges. Type of outdoor housing, age, and previous diarrhea episode were positively correlated with diarrhea risk. Younger animals in smaller shelters and temporary housing had a greater risk of acquiring diarrhea, with juvenile animals (0.7–3.9 years) having the highest mortality rate. Sex was not a risk factor, but adult females with diarrhea were more likely to develop life-threatening complications than adult males. We also constructed a predictive model for diarrhea-associated mortality using Classification and Regression Tree. Findings from this study will be used to develop and evaluate mitigation strategies in our outdoor-housed population and to provide a foundation for genetic susceptibility and immune function testing.

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“…Laboratory primates are used as models of human gastrointestinal disease, but studies of gastrointestinal disease in primates are rare [5,9,15,17]. Gastrointestinal disease has been associated with 31-44% of the deaths reported in primate colonies [10]. For example, acute gastric dilatation (AGD) in macaques, gastric ulcer, and gastric tumor and bezoars in baboons have been reported [2,7,8,[12][13][14]16].…”

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confidence: 99%

Gastric Hypomotility in Chronic Upper Gastrointestinal Disease of Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata)

et al. 2011

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Japanese macaques bred indoor for laboratory use often show chronic anorexia and intermittent vomiting. In some of our macaques gastric air was observed on physical examination, and we suspected abnormality of gastric motility. We therefore performed contrast radiographic examinations of the gastrointestinal tract without anesthesia of 8 macaques with gastrointestinal symptoms and 9 asymptomatic controls from the same laboratory. Changes of abdominal radiography over time were observed following oral administration of contrast medium. In all control animals, contrast medium had completely passed from the stomach within 150 min after administration. However, all animals with gastrointestinal symptoms retained some contrast medium in the stomach. Gastric emptying time of contrast medium was associated with excessive gastric air in Japanese macaques; therefore, gastric emptying time seems to be associated with decreased gastric motility.

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Clinicopathological Studies of Gastrointestinal Disease in Macaques

Cited by 31 publications

References 1 publication

Characterization of Monkey Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Human Typical and Atypical EPEC Serotype Isolates from Neotropical Nonhuman Primates

Characterization of Monkey Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Human Typical and Atypical EPEC Serotype Isolates from Neotropical Nonhuman Primates

Risk Factor Analysis May Provide Clues to Diarrhea Prevention in Outdoor‐Housed Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Gastric Hypomotility in Chronic Upper Gastrointestinal Disease of Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata)

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