Clitoral adhesions: a review of the literature

Abstract

Introduction Clitoral adhesions occur when the prepuce adheres to the glans. These adhesions have been found in up to 22% of women seeking evaluation for sexual dysfunction. The etiology of clitoral adhesions remains largely unclear. Studies published to date on the presentation and management of clitoral adhesions are relatively recent and raise questions for future research. Objectives We sought to provide a background of existing knowledge on the prevalence, presentation, etiology, associated conditions, and management of clitoral adhesions and to identify areas for future research. Methods A review of literature was performed for studies that investigate clitoral adhesions. Results Conditions associated with chronic clitoral scarring appear to have a role in the development of clitoral adhesions. Symptoms include clitoral pain (clitorodynia), discomfort, hypersensitivity, hyposensitivity, difficulty with arousal, and muted or absent orgasm. Complications include inflammation, infection, and the development of keratin pearls and smegmatic pseudocysts. There are surgical and nonsurgical interventions to manage clitoral adhesions. Additionally, topical agents can be included in conservative and/or postprocedural management. Although many studies on clitoral adhesions are limited to patients with lichen sclerosus (LS), clitoral adhesions are not confined to this population. Conclusion Areas for future research include etiologies of clitoral adhesion; such knowledge is imperative to improve prevention and management. Also, in previous studies, patients were instructed to apply various topical agents and manually retract the prepuce for conservative management or postlysis care. However, the efficacy of these interventions has not been investigated. Surgical and nonsurgical lysis procedures have been described for the management of pain and difficulties with arousal and orgasm that are causes of the sexual dysfunction associated with clitoral adhesion. Although previous studies have assessed efficacy and patient satisfaction, many of these studies were limited to small sample sizes and focused solely on patients with LS. Future studies are needed to inform a standard of care for the management of clitoral adhesions.

Anatomy of the clitoris: the corona of the glans clitoris, clitoral coronal papillae, and the coronopreputial frenulum

“…Adhesions and subsequent sequestration of smegma and development of clitoral pearls (including smegmaliths) may predispose one to dyspareunia. Further, CPAs are associated with pain and difficulties with arousal and orgasm [ 43 ]. Thus, in the setting of sexual dysfunction, it is prudent to recognize and assess the interface between the prepuce and glans including the anatomy surrounding the CGC.…”