Clogmia albipunctata (Nematocera; Psychodidae) as the Etiologic Agent of Myiasis: True or False?

Abstract

Clogmia albipunctata, known as drain fly, is a non-hematophagous insect of the Psychodidae family with worldwide distribution, particularly in tropical and temperate areas. It can be found near sewer drains, sewage treatment plants, plant pots, swamps, and any other place containing decaying or moist organic matter. It has been introduced in several publications as the causative agent of myiasis in humans. A case presentation, together with a compilation of findings from a database, including 51 scientific publications in the literature, allowed us to overview critically in detail the variable aspects of epidemiology, life cycle, biology, and medical importance of this insect and its probable role in human myiasis. The absence of a precise definition of myiasis and the lack of incontestable epidemiological, entomological, and clinical evidence in the articles introducing C. albipunctata as a causative agent led us to interrogate its role in human myiasis. It is necessary to take into account this misinterpretation and make an accurate diagnosis based on the isolation of insect larvae from the corresponding lesion.

Investigation of pseudo-urogenital myiasis and errors in diagnosis

“…We share the opinion that the definitive diagnosis should not only be based on the patient's statement, but the causative agent should also be seen on the patient, and this should be recorded with imaging to leave no room for doubt later. [8][9][10] Increasing frequency of travel, economic problems, global warming, drought, increased migration and problematic urbanization are likely to lead to an increase in such diseases or disease suspicions and misconceptions. We believe that accurate diagnosis is vital.…”

“…We share the opinion that the definitive diagnosis should not only be based on the patient's statement, but the causative agent should also be seen on the patient, and this should be recorded with imaging to leave no room for doubt later. 8–10…”