Clonal growth: Invasion or stability? A comparative study of clonal architecture and diversity in native and introduced lineages of <i>Phragmites australis</i> (Poaceae)

Douhovnikoff, Vladimir; Hazelton, Eric L. G.

doi:10.3732/ajb.1400177

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…,b). Our results also suggest that vegetative reproduction is very important for the local spread of common reed (see also Douhovnikoff & Hazelton ). Half the surveyed stands comprised a single clone, suggesting that local expansion occurs by means of stolons or rhizomes forming new shoots.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Strategies for a successful plant invasion: the reproduction of Phragmites australis in north‐eastern North America

et al. 2015

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Summary Knowing the relative contribution of vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction to the dispersal and establishment of exotic plants is crucial for devising efficient control strategies. This is particularly true for the common reed (Phragmites australis), one of the most invasive species in North America. For the first time, we combined in situ field observations and genetic evidence, based on two genotyping techniques, that is microsatellite markers (SSR) and genotyping by sequencing (GBS), to determine the propagation strategies of this invader at its northern distribution limit in North America and especially in roadside ditches. Field observations revealed that, in a region where the common reed is already abundant, both seeds and plant fragments contributed to the establishment of new populations. Newly established individuals originated mostly (84%) from seeds rather than fragments, but a larger proportion of individuals originating from fragments survived the second year compared to seedlings. High genetic diversity among marsh and roadside common reed stands indicated the prime role of sexual reproduction for dispersal. The vast majority of genotypes were found in only one stand; such high genetic variability can only be explained by sexual reproduction. Half the surveyed stands comprised a single clone, suggesting that local expansion mainly occurred vegetatively. As the small proportion of SSR genotypes initially thought to be common between distant stands proved to be distinct (as revealed by GBS data), it is likely that all the stands examined were initially founded by genetically distinct individuals. Synthesis. Our study suggests that long‐distance dispersal by seeds is important for the common reed, in marshes and roadsides, while both seeds and plant fragments contribute to short‐distance dispersal along roads, at least in regions where the species is already abundant. The success of this invader in North America seems to be attributable to a reproduction strategy combining the advantages of sexuality with those of vegetative propagation. Moreover, this study shows that the GBS approach strongly reduces uncertainties associated with the use of a limited number of markers. This approach is especially valuable for ecologists dealing with an ever‐increasing number of invaders, of which few have identified microsatellite markers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Strategies for a successful plant invasion: the reproduction of Phragmites australis in north‐eastern North America

et al. 2015

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“…Importantly, both the findings of this study and that of Douhovnikoff and Hazelton (2014) can suggest the optimal sampling strategy for uncovering genet richness patterns without oversampling. In our study, samples taken every 1.5 m often revealed identical genets even in polyclonal patches (e.g., patch 3D13).…”

Section: Phragmites Rate Of Expansion and Potential Driversmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…These results suggest that to fully describe genet richness in Phragmites, sampling every 0.5 m may be warranted. In the study of invasive (and native) Phragmites in Maine, Douhovnikoff and Hazelton (2014) initially evaluated whole-patch genet richness in a single invasive patch at the corners of a 1.5 m 9 6 m sampling grid, and using initial results, they then assessed three additional invasive patches with a 5 m 9 5 m grid repeated over the whole patch. This coarser approach is more feasible for evaluating whole patch genet richness, whereas when attempting to describe patch edge dynamics, the finer sampling scheme we employed is recommended.…”

Section: Phragmites Rate Of Expansion and Potential Driversmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These findings were similar to those in a previous study conducted with a coarser sampling scheme in native vs. non-native Phragmites in Utah (Kettenring and Mock 2012). However, neither Douhovnikoff and Hazelton (2014) nor Kettenring and Mock (2012) focused specifically on patch edges, where current expansion is expected to occur. To date, the dynamics of Phragmites patch edges over time have not been explicitly investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Only one previous study has looked at invasive Phragmites genetic diversity at a fine spatial scale (samples 1.5-6 m apart): Douhovnikoff and Hazelton (2014) compared four native and non-native Phragmites patches in Maine, finding that non-native Phragmites had smaller clones and more frequent sexual reproduction than native Phragmites. These findings were similar to those in a previous study conducted with a coarser sampling scheme in native vs. non-native Phragmites in Utah (Kettenring and Mock 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Life on the edge: reproductive mode and rate of invasive Phragmites australis patch expansion

et al. 2016

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The dynamics of plant invasions from initial colonization through patch expansion are driven in part by mode of reproduction, i.e., sexual (seed) and asexual (clonal fragments and expansion) means. Expansion of existing patches-both rate and mode of spread into a matrix of varying conditions-is important for predicting potential invader impacts. In this study, we used fine-scale genetic assessments and remote sensing to describe both the rate and mode of expansion for 20 Phragmites australis patches in flooded and unflooded wetland units on the Great Salt Lake, UT. We found that the majority of Phragmites patch expansion occurred via clonal spread but we also documented instances of (potentially episodic) seedling recruitment. The mode of patch expansion, inferred from patch edge genet richness, was unrelated to flooding in the wetland unit in the preceding growing season. The rate of Phragmites patch expansion varied from 0.09 to 0.35 year -1 and was unrelated to the mode of spread. In six patches monitored across two years, monoclonal patches stayed monoclonal, whereas patches with higher genet richness had a marked increase in diversity in the second year. The findings of the present study suggest how this partially clonal species can exploit the benefits of both sexual (i.e., genetic recombination, widespread dispersal, colonization of new areas) and asexual reproduction (i.e., stability of established clones suited to local environmental conditions) to become one of the most successful wetland plant invaders. To control this species, both forms of reproduction need to be fully addressed through targeted management actions.

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Does hybridPhragmites australisdiffer from native and introduced lineages in reproductive, genetic, and morphological traits?

Williams

Lambert

Long

et al. 2019

American J of Botany

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Premise of the Study Hybridization between previously isolated species or lineages can stimulate invasiveness because of increased genetic diversity and inherited traits facilitating competitive and reproductive potential. We evaluated differences in stand characteristics and sexual and vegetative reproduction among native, introduced, and hybrid Phragmites australis lineages in the southwestern United States. We also assessed the degree of hybridization among lineages and backcrossing of hybrids with parental lineages. Methods Growth and morphological characteristics were measured in native, introduced, and hybrid Phragmites stands to evaluate relative cover and dominance in associated plant communities. Panicles were collected from stands to evaluate germination, dormancy, and differences in seed traits. Seedlings from germination trials were genotyped to determine frequency of crossing and backcrossing among lineages. Key Results Introduced and hybrid Phragmites stands had significantly greater stem and panicle densities than native stands and were more likely to be dominant members of their respective plant communities. Hybrid seed outputs were significantly greater, but hybrid seeds had lower germination rates than those from native and introduced lineages. We detected a novel hybridization event between native and introduced lineages, but found no strong evidence of hybrids backcrossing with parental lineages. Conclusions Hybrid Phragmites in the Southwest exhibits reproductive, genetic, and morphological characteristics from both parental lineages that facilitate dispersal, establishment, and aggressive growth, including high reproductive output, rhizome viability, and aboveground biomass, with smaller seeds and greater genetic diversity than its progenitors. Our results show hybrids can inherit traits that confer invasiveness and provide insight for managing this species complex and other cryptic species with native and introduced variants with potential for intraspecific hybridization.

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Clonal growth: Invasion or stability? A comparative study of clonal architecture and diversity in native and introduced lineages of Phragmites australis (Poaceae)

Cited by 34 publications

References 62 publications

Strategies for a successful plant invasion: the reproduction of Phragmites australis in north‐eastern North America

Strategies for a successful plant invasion: the reproduction of Phragmites australis in north‐eastern North America

Life on the edge: reproductive mode and rate of invasive Phragmites australis patch expansion

Does hybridPhragmites australisdiffer from native and introduced lineages in reproductive, genetic, and morphological traits?

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