Clonal Selection and Network Regulation

Weiler, Eberhardt; Adam, Gerold; Schüler, W.; Weiler, Ivan Jeanne

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-81083-1_21

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…SNIb/c exhibit relatively strong radio emission with steep spectral indices and fast turn-on/turn-off [132], which is thought to arise from the SN shock interaction with a dense circumstellar medium [28,29]. They are, therefore, usually thought to be associated with the core collapse of massive stars which have been stripped of their outer H (and possibly He) envelope.…”

Section: Type Ib and Ic Supernovaementioning

confidence: 99%

“…SNIIL are often radio sources [132] and show UV excess attributed to Compton scattering of photospheric radiation by high speed electrons in shock-heated circumstellar medium (CSM) material [52,53]. A number of SNIIL, e.g., SNe 1994aj and 1996L [12,14], have shown lines with double P-Cygni profiles (sometimes dubbed SNIId, "d" for double) indicating the presence of strong wind episodes shortly before the explosion.…”

Section: Type II Supernovaementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Balmer lines, in particular Hα, show a well defined multiple component structure with broad (FWHM ∼ 15, 000 km s −1 ), intermediate (2,200 km s −1 ) and narrow (< 700 km s −1 ) components with different time evolution [121]. SN1995N was a remarkably similar object, detected in radio and X-rays [51,132].…”

Section: Type Iinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Classification of Supernovae

Turatto

2003

Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursters

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Abstract. The current classification scheme for supernovae is presented. The main observational features of the supernova types are described and the physical implications briefly addressed. Differences between the homogeneous thermonuclear type Ia and similarities among the heterogeneous core collapse type Ib, Ic and II are highlighted. Transforming type IIb, narrow line type IIn, supernovae associated with GRBs and few peculiar objects are also discussed.

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Section: Type Ib and Ic Supernovaementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Type II Supernovaementioning

confidence: 99%

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Classification of Supernovae

Turatto

2003

Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursters

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“…2b) were determined in the limiting dilution assay. 6.0 x lo7 100 1.5 x lU3 0 a) NP,,CG or antibody Ac38 dialyzed against PBS were added to culture of anti-IgM-panned BM cells at the beginning of cultivation. After 5 days the cells were washed and stimulated with LPS.…”

Section: Comparison Of Precursor Frequencies In Splenic B Cells and Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

The expression of a set of antibody variable regions in lipopolysaccharide‐reactive B cells at various stages of ontogeny and its control by anti‐idiotypic antibody

1983

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An analysis is presented in which we measure the expression of a subset of antibody variable (V) regions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-reactive precursor B cells at various stages of ontogeny. The V regions were characterized by hapten (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP)-binding specifity and/or expression of idiotypic determinants whose genetic basis had been explored in previous studies. Only V regions containing the V lambda 1 domain were considered: this allowed an unequivocal determination of idiotopes and reduced heterogeneity in the system essentially to the multiplicity of VH and D genes. It was found that approximately every fourth lambda 1-bearing LPS-reactive splenic B cell produces an NP-binding antibody. Approximately 1 in 40 lambda 1-bearing cells expressed an idiotope (Ac38) which is encoded by V lambda 1 and a set of related VH genes in combination with D and J elements. Of these cells, only a minority produce an NP-binding antibody and a few percent of the latter express a second idiotope (Ac146) which is known to be restricted to a subset of Ac38-positive, NP-binding humoral antibodies. All these frequencies are in good accord with previous analyses of anti-idiotope-induced antibodies in the serum. They can be easily accommodated into a simple model of random selection of VH genes in LPS-reactive B lymphocytes. The frequencies of the V regions under study were essentially the same in LPS-reactive B cells from spleens of adult and newborn animals and in LPS-reactive B cells generated from bone marrow pre-B cells in vitro. In the case of the latter cells the frequencies were independent of the absence or presence of T cells in the culture system. While we could thus detect, in naive mice, neither positive nor negative selection of the cells from the time of their generation in the bone marrow until their arrival in the periphery, negative selection is in principle possible: the presence of microgram amounts of anti-idiotope antibodies during maturation from pre-B to B cells specifically blocks the appearance of idiotope-bearing LPS-reactive cells in vitro. The potential physiological role of the latter effect in the sense of self-stabilization of the expressed antibody repertoire in ongoing immune responses and the possibility that frequency determinations in LPS-reactive B cells may be not representative for the repertoire expressed in the population of mature B cells is discussed.

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“…This approach was first used by Weiler & Raimond (1976). For polarimetric observations, observers should determine the error in this nominal value (resulting from, for example, changes with time) by observing a calibrator with strong U .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding radio polarimetry. II. Instrumental calibration of an interferometer array

Sault

Hamaker²,

Bregman³

1996

Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser.

122

118

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Abstract. -In a companion paper, a mathematical formalism to describe the polarimetric response of a radio interferometer was presented. Some of the instrumental parameters, however, are either unknown or poorly known. Here we consider the determination of these parameters both by a traditional radio-interferometry instrumental approach as well as by using optical polarimetry principles. In doing so, we establish links between the two fields. We show that some degrees of freedom cannot be solved for with various calibration or self-calibration schemes. These degrees of freedom are identified with instrumental parameters and physical source properties. The number of unsolvable degrees of freedom is reduced for a long synthesis with alt-az antennas. We also consider the effect of errors in the assumed instrumental parameters on the resultant calibrated data. The polarimetric calibration procedure for some telescopes is reviewed in the context of this analysis.

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Clonal Selection and Network Regulation

Cited by 8 publications

References 30 publications

Classification of Supernovae

Classification of Supernovae

The expression of a set of antibody variable regions in lipopolysaccharide‐reactive B cells at various stages of ontogeny and its control by anti‐idiotypic antibody

Understanding radio polarimetry. II. Instrumental calibration of an interferometer array

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