Clonidine Use and Abuse Among Methadone Program Applicants and Patients

Beuger, Mark; Tommasello, Anthony; Schwartz, Robert P.; Clinton, Mary

doi:10.1016/s0740-5472(97)00309-7

Cited by 23 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The reports on clonidine misuse (Beuger et al, 1998;Dennison, 2001) and the stimulant effects of xylometazoline described in the present report suggest that selectivity toward the two major subtypes of α-adrenergic receptors (adrenoceptors) determines the psychotropic profile of α-adrenergic decongestants. Brain α 1 -adrenoceptors function as typical excitatory receptors.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

“…Clonidine is misused by up to 100% of patients with a history of narcotic use for nonmedical reasons. Self-reported reasons for clonidine misuse include seeking relaxation and sedation as well as boosting the effects of opiates (Beuger, Tommasello, Schwartz, and Clinton, 1998;Dennison, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, brain α 2 -adrenoceptors function as inhibitory receptors. Stimulation of presynaptic α 2 -adrenoceptors suppresses the release of noradrenaline and dopamine, an effect thought to be responsible for the sedative effects of clonidine in humans (Beuger et al, 1998;Hardman et al, 2001;Stahl, 2003). Notably, the subjects described in the present report misused psychostimulant drugs before their incarceration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Misuse of Xylometazoline Nasal Drops by Inhalation

Anand

Salamon

Habrat

et al. 2008

Substance Use & Misuse

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Six male prisoners who misused xylometazoline nasal drops by inhalation were interviewed by a prison physician in 2006. The prisoners received xylometazoline drops during regular visits in the prison ambulatory service. In order to get the medication, the subjects reported false symptoms of rhinosinusitis and allergic reactions. Psychoactive effects of inhaled xylometazoline were described as "stimulation," "excitation," and "feeling of strength." Although preliminary, our findings suggest that topical adrenergic decongestants can produce rewarding effects when administered by inhalation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Misuse of Xylometazoline Nasal Drops by Inhalation

Anand

Salamon

Habrat

et al. 2008

Substance Use & Misuse

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“…Nader and Van der Kooy (1996) have shown that clonidine blocks the rewarding effects of morphine in rats withdrawn from morphine, while it has no effect on morphine-induced CPP in drug naïve animals. Nevertheless, an illicit use of a 2 -agonist clonidine among opiate addicts has been shown that does not seem to be exclusively directed to alleviate withdrawal (Anderson et al, 1997;Beuger et al, 1998). This effect could be related to a possible reinforcing effect of a 2 -agonists such as clonidine, as shown in animal models of drug addiction (Asin and Wirtshafter, 1985).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agmatine Potentiates Morphine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Mice: Modulation by Alpha(2)-Adrenoceptors

Tahsili-Fahadan

Yahyavi-Firouz-Abadi

Khoshnoodi

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The effects of agmatine, an endogenous polyamine metabolite formed by decarboxylation of L-arginine, and its combination with morphine on conditioned place preference (CPP) has been investigated in male mice. Our data show that subcutaneous administration of morphine (1-7.5 mg/kg) significantly increases the time spent in the drug-paired compartment in a dose-dependent manner. Intraperitoneal administration of agmatine (1-40 mg/kg) alone does not induce either CPP or conditioned place aversion, while combination of agmatine and subeffective doses of morphine leads to potent rewarding effects. Lower doses of morphine (0.1, 0.05, and 0.01 mg/kg) are able to induce CPP in mice pretreated with agmatine 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Concomitant intraperitoneal administration of UK 14 304 (0.5 mg/kg), a highly selective a 2 -agonist, with per se noneffective dose of morphine (0.5 mg/kg) and also its combination with noneffective doses of agmatine (1 mg/kg) plus morphine (0.05 mg/kg) produces significant CPP. UK 14 304 (0.05, 0.5 mg/kg) alone, or in combination with agmatine (1, 5 mg/kg) have had no effect. We have further investigated the possible involvement of the a 2 -adrenoceptors in the potentiating effect of agmatine on morphine-induced place preference. Selective a 2 -antagonists, yohimbine (0.005 mg/kg) and RX821002 (0.1, 0.5 mg/kg), block the CPP induced by concomitant administration of agmatine (5 mg/kg) and morphine (0.05 mg/kg). Yohimbine (0.001-0.05 mg/kg) or RX821002 (0.05-0.5 mg/kg) alone or in combination with morphine (0.05 mg/kg) or agmatine (5 mg/kg) fail to show any significant place preference or aversion. Our results indicate that pretreatment of animals with agmatine enhances the rewarding properties of morphine via a mechanism which may involve a 2 -adrenergic receptors.

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“…increased risk of addiction. Thus, Beuger et al (1998) described a type of clonidine abuse among methadone addicts that appeared to be related to a potentiation of euphoria. In addition, it has been reported that heroin addicts often use clonidine to enhance the effects and reduce the dose of the opioid (Dennison, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%