Cloning and expression of CSAL2 , a new member of the spalt gene family in chick

Abstract

In this study we describe cloning and expression of CSAL2, a second member of the spalt gene family in chick. All spalt proteins are characterized by the presence of multiple zinc-finger motifs, which are highly conserved. Mutations in HSAL1, a human spalt gene result in Townes-Brocks syndrome (TBS). We show here that CSAL2 is expressed in many of the tissues affected in TBS, including neural tissue, limb buds, mesonephros and cloaca.

A novel spalt gene expressed in branchial arches affects the ability of cranial neural crest cells to populate sensory ganglia

“…In the brain, csal4 expression declines after neural tube closure, but is re-expressed by stage 13, when it is present in the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain with the exception of the borders between them. This is in contrast with the expression of another chicken spalt gene, csal3, which is expressed only in the border regions (Farrell et al, 2001). Thus, the two spalt genes have complementary, non-overlapping patterns in the head.…”

Regulation and function of Spalt proteins during animal development

“…Xenopus Xsall4 is expressed in developing hind-and forelimbs in a dynamic temporal and spatial pattern that first is confined to the distal half of the limb bud, later is excluded from proximal-posterior and anterior regions of the bud, and finally becomes restricted in the future autopod to six interdigital domains (Neff et al, 2005). In chicken, csall1 and csall2 are also expressed in developing limbs (Farrell and Munsterberg, 2000;Farrell et al, 2001). The expression of csall1 is observed continuously through the distal limb mesenchyme and the apical ectodermal ridge (Capdevila et al, 1999;Farrell and Munsterberg, 2000).…”

“…The expression of csall1 is observed continuously through the distal limb mesenchyme and the apical ectodermal ridge (Capdevila et al, 1999;Farrell and Munsterberg, 2000). In contrast, csall2 displays a dynamic temporal and spatial pattern of expression that is differentially regulated in wing and leg primordia, being in both cases detected mainly in the posterior-distal mesenchyme (Farrell et al, 2001). In zebrafish, sall1a and sall4 are expressed in developing limb-like structures, the pectoral fins (Camp et al, 2003).…”

Drosophila spalt/spalt-related mutants exhibit Townes-Brocks' syndrome phenotypes

“…Consistent with TBS phenotypes, human SALL1 expression has been detected in the brain, heart, ureteric bud, and developing tubules of the kidney, testes, and ovary (2, 17). In mice, sal genes are expressed in brain, testes, ovaries, kidneys, limb buds, heart, inner ear, and the lens of the eye (18,19).spalt genes have been identified in a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates (2,3,18,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). In Drosophila, there are two adjacent spalt genes, spalt (sal) and spalt-related (salr).…”

“…spalt genes have been identified in a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates (2,3,18,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). In Drosophila, there are two adjacent spalt genes, spalt (sal) and spalt-related (salr).…”