Cloning and localization of two multigene receptor families in goldfish olfactory epithelium

Cao, Yanxiang; Oh, Bryan C.; Stryer, Lubert

doi:10.1073/pnas.95.20.11987

Cited by 137 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…It is generally believed that the first animals that had separate olfactory and vomeronasal organs were early tetrapods (Eisthen 2004;Baxi et al 2006). However, V2R genes are known to exist in goldfish (Cao et al 1998) and pufferfish (Naito et al 1998). V2R genes are actually expressed in olfactory epithelia in fishes.…”

Section: Vomeronasal Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary dynamics of olfactory and other chemosensory receptor genes in vertebrates

2006

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The numbers of functional olfactory receptor (OR) genes in humans and mice are about 400 and 1,000 respectively. In both humans and mice, these genes exist as genomic clusters and are scattered over almost all chromosomes. The difference in the number of genes between the two species is apparently caused by massive inactivation of OR genes in the human lineage and a substantial increase of OR genes in the mouse lineage after the human-mouse divergence. Compared with mammals, fishes have a much smaller number of OR genes. However, the OR gene family in fishes is much more divergent than that in mammals. Fishes have many different groups of genes that are absent in mammals, suggesting that the mammalian OR gene family is characterized by the loss of many group genes that existed in the ancestor of vertebrates and the subsequent expansion of specific groups of genes. Therefore, this gene family apparently changed dynamically depending on the evolutionary lineage and evolved under the birthand-death model of evolution. Study of the evolutionary changes of two gene families for vomeronasal receptors and two gene families for taste receptors, which are structurally similar, but remotely related to OR genes, showed that some of the gene families evolved in the same fashion as the OR gene family. It appears that the number and types of genes in chemosensory receptor gene families have evolved in response to environmental needs, but they are also affected by fortuitous factors.

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Section: Vomeronasal Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary dynamics of olfactory and other chemosensory receptor genes in vertebrates

2006

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“…Previous analyses identified 187 intact V1R genes and 61 intact V2R genes in the mouse genome. Most, if not all V1R and V2R genes, are expressed in the VNO of terrestrial vertebrates (Dulac and Torello 2003) or the MOE of teleost fishes (Cao et al 1998;Pfister and Rodriguez 2005), as fishes do not have the VNO (Grus and Zhang 2006). It is believed that each vomeronasal sensory neuron expresses only one allele of either a V1R or a V2R gene (Dulac and Torello 2003).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…To date, the V1R gene repertoire has been described in the human, mouse, rat, cow, dog, opossum, chicken, and several fishes Grus and Zhang 2004;Hillier et al 2004;Zhang et al 2004;Grus et al 2005;Pfister and Rodriguez 2005;Shi et al 2005;Young et al 2005). However, the V2R repertoire has been reported only in the mouse, rat, zebrafish, and fugu (Bjarnadottir et al 2005;Hashiguchi and Nishida 2005;Yang et al 2005), although a small number of V2R genes are also known for the human (Kouros-Mehr et al 2001), African clawed frog (Hagino-Yamagishi et al 2004), goldfish (Cao et al 1998), and salmon (Dukes et al 2006). This scarcity in V2R information is largely due to the complexity of the V2R gene structure.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparative genomic analysis identifies an evolutionary shift of vomeronasal receptor gene repertoires in the vertebrate transition from water to land

Shi¹,

Zhang²

2007

Genome Res.

202

235

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Two evolutionarily unrelated superfamilies of G-protein coupled receptors, V1Rs and V2Rs, bind pheromones and "ordinary" odorants to initiate vomeronasal chemical senses in vertebrates, which play important roles in many aspects of an organism's daily life such as mating, territoriality, and foraging. To study the macroevolution of vomeronasal sensitivity, we identified all V1R and V2R genes from the genome sequences of 11 vertebrates. Our analysis suggests the presence of multiple V1R and V2R genes in the common ancestor of teleost fish and tetrapods and reveals an exceptionally large among-species variation in the sizes of these gene repertoires. Interestingly, the ratio of the number of intact V1R genes to that of V2R genes increased by ∼50-fold as land vertebrates evolved from aquatic vertebrates. A similar increase was found for the ratio of the number of class II odorant receptor (OR) genes to that of class I genes, but not in other vertebrate gene families. Because V1Rs and class II ORs have been suggested to bind to small airborne chemicals, whereas V2Rs and class I ORs recognize water-soluble molecules, these increases reflect a rare case of adaptation to terrestrial life at the gene family level. Several gene families known to function in concert with V2Rs in the mouse are absent outside rodents, indicating rapid changes of interactions between vomeronasal receptors and their molecular partners. Taken together, our results demonstrate the exceptional evolutionary fluidity of vomeronasal receptors, making them excellent targets for studying the molecular basis of physiological and behavioral diversity and adaptation.[Supplemental material is available online at www.genome.org.]Olfaction, or nasal chemoreception, plays a critical role in the daily life of vertebrates. The nasal cavity of most air-breathing vertebrates contains two distinct olfactory tissues/organs: the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and the vomeronasal organ (VNO) (Dulac and Torello 2003). MOE-mediated olfaction and VNO-mediated olfaction use completely different receptors and signal transduction pathways, and excite different regions of the brain (Dulac and Torello 2003). It was initially thought that MOE and VNO have distinct functions, as MOE detects "ordinary" odorants whereas VNO is specialized for detecting pheromones (Dulac 1997;Buck 2000). This view is changing, as several studies suggested that the MOE can also detect pheromones, whereas the VNO can also detect ordinary odorants (Sam et al. 2001;Boehm et al. 2005;Mandiyan et al. 2005;Yoon et al. 2005;Baxi et al. 2006). Here, pheromones refer to a loosely defined class of chemicals that are emitted and sensed by individuals of the same species to elicit sexual/social behaviors and physiological changes. Examples of pheromone-related behaviors and physiological changes include individual recognition, induction of early puberty, block of pregnancy, and male-male aggression (Keverne 1999).The molecular biology of vertebrate olfaction is best understood in the laboratory mouse Mus m...

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“…CaRs share modest sequence homology with the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) (5,6), the type B ␥-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABA B ) (7), and a large group of pheromone receptors (8,9) and, thus, constitute the family 3 of GPCRs (10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino Acids in the Second and Third Intracellular Loops of the Parathyroid Ca2+-sensing Receptor Mediate Efficient Coupling to Phospholipase C

Chang

Chen

Pratt

et al. 2000

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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To determine the role of amino acids in the second and third intracellular (IC) loops of the Ca 2؉ -sensing receptor (CaR) in phospholipase C (PLC) activation, we mutated residues in these loops either singly or in tandem to Ala and assessed PLC activity by measuring high extracellular [ (7), and a large group of pheromone receptors (8, 9) and, thus, constitute the family 3 of GPCRs (10). Receptors in the CaR/mGluR subfamily share several structural features. These include a large extracellular amino-terminal domain, seven membrane-spanning regions, three IC loops, and a large cytoplasmic tail (see Fig. 1a). The extracellular domains of CaRs and mGluRs are known to be critical for ligand recognition (11-13). Naturally occurring mutants of the CaR, implicated in the pathogenesis of abnormal Ca 2ϩ -sensing in vivo, occur predominantly in the large amino-terminal domain of this receptor (14,15). Point mutations in this domain, responsible for either gain-of-function or loss-of-function, indicate its key role in the Ca 2ϩ -sensing function of the receptor. IC domains of receptors in the CaR/mGluR subfamily are likely, by analogy to other GPCRs, to be responsible for coupling to G-protein-mediated signal transduction (10,16,17). A comparison of CaRs with the mGluR 1-8 indicates limited sequence conservation in their second IC loops (Ͻ10%) but striking conservation (67 to 85%) in their third IC loops (see Fig. 1b). This observation suggests these latter regions likely share similar function.Mutagenesis of mGluR1 and R5 previously demonstrated that specific residues in IC loops 2 and 3 contribute to PLC activation, whereas other residues were involved in the regulation of cyclic AMP formation (5). Domains of comparable functional significance in the CaR have, to date, not been identified. Studies of kindred with familial benign hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism indicated that a CaR with a mutation at residue 795 (R795W) in the aminoterminal portion of the third IC loop had a reduced ability to mobilize intracellular Ca 2ϩ (18). The remaining residues within the second and third IC loops have not been carefully examined. In these studies, we mutated amino acids in IC loops 2 and 3 of the bovine CaR to identify the positions of key signaling residues and structural requirements at those sites. Phe-707 in the second IC loop and 2 residues in the third IC loop, Leu-798 and Phe-802, proved critical to the activation of PLC. Glu-804 proved essential for efficient cell surface expression of CaRs. This work supports the presence of several functional determinants in IC loops 2 and 3 in the stimulation of PLC by and expression of CaRs in mammalian cells.

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Cloning and localization of two multigene receptor families in goldfish olfactory epithelium

Cited by 137 publications

References 36 publications

Evolutionary dynamics of olfactory and other chemosensory receptor genes in vertebrates

Evolutionary dynamics of olfactory and other chemosensory receptor genes in vertebrates

Comparative genomic analysis identifies an evolutionary shift of vomeronasal receptor gene repertoires in the vertebrate transition from water to land

Amino Acids in the Second and Third Intracellular Loops of the Parathyroid Ca2+-sensing Receptor Mediate Efficient Coupling to Phospholipase C

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