Cloning of Chicken Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) and Characterization of its Expression in Pituitary and Extrapituitary Tissues

Kwok, Amy Ho Yan; Wang, Y.; Wang, C. Y.; Leung, Fung Ping

doi:10.1093/ps/86.2.423

Cited by 40 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…The presence of chicken homologues of both corticosteroid receptors has been known for more than 10 years, but only recently has the entire cGR cDNA been cloned and sequenced (31), while cMR remained only partially cloned (47). In the present study, we cloned, sequenced, and characterized the chicken homologue of MR and overexpressed both genes in Cos-7 cells to functionally characterize them.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In contrast, avian homologues of these two receptors are poorly understood, particularly from pharmacological and molecular perspectives. Functional studies of avian homologues of GR and MR were initiated years ago and continue to date (11), resulting in identification of both receptors (12,24,47), their expression profiles, and hypothalamopituitary-adrenal axis ontology in birds (26,31,47). Only recently has the entire chicken GR (cGR) gene been cloned and sequenced (31).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Functional characterization of chicken glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors

Proszkowiec‐Weglarz

Porter

2010

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Little is known about the function of GR and MR in avian species. Recently, the chicken homologue of the GR (cGR) gene was cloned, and its tissue-specific expression was characterized, whereas the full-length sequence of the chicken MR (cMR) gene remains unknown. Therefore, the aims of this project were to clone the full-length cMR and to functionally characterize both chicken receptors. Cos-7 cells were transiently transfected with cGR or cMR expression vectors along with a glucocorticoid response element-luciferase (GRE-Luc) reporter construct. Transfected cells were then treated with increasing doses of corticosterone (CORT) or aldosterone (ALDO) alone and with GR or MR antagonists (ZK98299 and spironolactone, respectively). Transactivation of cGR or cMR was evaluated by luciferase assay. CORT and ALDO induced cGR- and cMR-driven transcriptional activity in a dose-dependent manner. Each receptor responded to both steroids, but cMR transcriptional activity was induced by lower levels of CORT and ALDO than cGR. Coexpression of both chicken corticosteroid receptors in Cos-7 cells had no synergistic or additive effect on CORT- or ALDO-induced transcriptional activity. Corticosteroid-dependent transactivation of cGR and cMR was partially blocked by antagonists. ZK98299 showed high specificity to cGR, while spironolactone had agonist properties toward both receptors. Immunocytochemistry was used to assess the cellular localization of both receptors. Corticosteroids induced translocation of both receptors into the nucleus. The functional properties of cGR and cMR determined in this study will be helpful in defining the physiological roles of GR and MR in avian species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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confidence: 99%

Functional characterization of chicken glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors

Proszkowiec‐Weglarz

Porter

2010

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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“…A role for glucocorticoids in suppressing HPG axis activity is also well studied in avian species Kwok et al, 2007;Lynn et al, 2010;Wingfield et al, 1982). We hypothesized that an increase in plasma CORT during food restriction contributes to inhibition of the HPG axis.…”

Section: Cort Energy Homeostasis and The Hpg Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

Food restriction negatively affects multiple levels of the reproductive axis in male house finches, Haemorhous mexicanus

Valle

Carpentier

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Nutrition influences reproductive functions across vertebrates, but the effects of food availability on the functioning of the hypothalamicpituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in wild birds and the mechanisms mediating these effects remain unclear. We investigated the influence of chronic food restriction on the HPG axis of photostimulated house finches, Haemorhous mexicanus. Food-restricted birds had underdeveloped testes with smaller seminiferous tubules than ad libitum-fed birds. Baseline plasma testosterone increased in response to photostimulation in ad libitum-fed but not in food-restricted birds. Food availability did not, however, affect the plasma testosterone increase resulting from a gonadotropin-releasing hormone-I (GnRH) or a luteinizing hormone (LH) challenge. The number of hypothalamic GnRH immunoreactive (ir) but not proGnRH-ir perikarya was higher in food-restricted than in ad libitum-fed finches, suggesting inhibited secretion of GnRH. Hypothalamic gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH)-ir and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-ir were not affected by food availability. Plasma corticosterone (CORT) was also not affected by food availability, indicating that the observed HPG axis inhibition did not result from increased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis. This study is among the first to examine multilevel functional changes in the HPG axis in response to food restriction in a wild bird. The results indicate that food availability affects both hypothalamic and gonadal function, but further investigations are needed to clarify the mechanisms by which nutritional signals mediate these effects.

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“…A 2-hour in vitro CORT treatment of pituitaries taken from 17-day-old embryos caused a marginal decrease in hypophyseal POMC mRNA levels (Vandenborne et al, 2005). The presence of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) mRNA in the pituitary gland of chick embryos Kwok et al, 2007) may also point towards the existence of a negative feedback effect of glucocorticoids at the level of ACTH synthesis or release, though it has not been shown yet that these receptors are expressed by the corticotropes, let alone that they interact with ACTH synthesis, processing or secretion. So far, there have been no reports on inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids at the level of hypothalamic CRH synthesis/secretion in the chicken.…”

Section: Feedback Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increasingly available genomic resources have also facilitated the cloning and characterization of chicken orthologs of mammalian genes involved in the development of endocrine systems, as exemplified by the very recent cloning of important hormone receptors in the chicken, such as GHRH-R (Porter et al, 2006; A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 20 Wang et al, 2006), TSHR (Grommen et al, 2006), and GR and MR Kwok et al, 2007). Moreover, the establishment of a large expressed sequence tag (EST) collection and the completion of the chicken genome sequence allow for the chicken embryo model to be used in large-scale screens to assess gene function during embryonic development (Ellestad et al, 2006;Cogburn et al, 2007) progress has been made to generate stable expression of the transgene by using sperm-mediated gene transfer or genetically modified chicken embryonic stem cells (see reviews by Stern, 2005;Cogburn et al, 2007;Davey & Tickle, 2007;Tizard et al, 2007) and the avian research community holds high expectations for the use of genetically modified chicken primordial germ cells and germline stem cells for germline manipulation (Yamamoto et al, 2007;Han, in press).…”

Section: Endocrine Events In the Last Week Of Embryonic Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The chicken embryo as a model for developmental endocrinology: Development of the thyrotropic, corticotropic, and somatotropic axes

Groef

Grommen

Darras

2008

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.Page 1 of 37A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 3 The chick as a traditional model for developmental endocrinologyFor more than 2 millennia, the chicken has been a popular animal model to study embryology and developmental biology (Stern, 2005). This is due to some intrinsic advantages that the chicken embryo offers in comparison with mammalian embryonic models. Fertilized chicken eggs are low in cost and in abundant supply, and the chicken embryo is quite large and easily accessible during its entire amniotic development (Murphy & Clark, 1990). Simply by putting a number of fertilized eggs in the incubator, hundreds to thousands of embryos with a more or less synchronized development can be obtained. Furthermore, as the only endocrine connection with the mother is through hormone deposits in the egg yolk, avian embryonic development is relatively independent of changes in maternal physiology that occur after deposition of the egg, which is particularly interesting in view of endocrinological manipulations. The simplicity of direct manipulation of the embryonic endocrine interior without triggering maternal interference makes the chicken embryo a valuable model for the study of development and function of hormonal systems (Decuypere et al., 1990;Jenkins & Porter, 2004). As such, the chicken embryo is used as a model to study the cellular and subcellular differentiation and maturation of endocrine glands, ontogenic changes in the sensitivity or responsiveness of the glands and their target organs, and the development of top-down and bottom-up regulatory systems (Scanes et al., 1987). In general, the control and function of the endocrine axes are similar in birds and mammals. It should be noted, however, that the development of some endocrine systems, especially the thyroidal axis, differs considerably between precocial and altricial species. On the one hand, this limits the generalizability of the Page 4 of 37 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 4 chicken embryo model to other avian speci...

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Cloning of Chicken Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) and Characterization of its Expression in Pituitary and Extrapituitary Tissues

Cited by 40 publications

References 41 publications

Functional characterization of chicken glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors

Functional characterization of chicken glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors

Food restriction negatively affects multiple levels of the reproductive axis in male house finches, Haemorhous mexicanus

The chicken embryo as a model for developmental endocrinology: Development of the thyrotropic, corticotropic, and somatotropic axes

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