Cloning of the Major Outer Membrane Protein Expression Locus in Anaplasma platys and Seroreactivity of a Species-Specific Antigen

Lai, Tzung-Huei; Orellana, Nelson G.; Yuasa, Yumi; Rikihisa, Yasuko

doi:10.1128/jb.00082-11

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…A single full-length p44 (msp2) locus is remarkable, as it is highly polymorphic and similar to the A. marginale msp2 expression locus (22,24,136), and it is designated p44ES (msp2ES). It was recently shown that this locus is also conserved in A. platys (121). The remaining p44 genes, including the p44 pseudogenes in the chromosome, function as donor p44 genes to recombine at p44ES to be expressed from this genomic locus as a full-length recombined protein.…”

Section: Major Surface Antigen P44mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Obligatory Intracellular Infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum

2011

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SUMMARY Anaplasma phagocytophilum persists in nature by cycling between mammals and ticks. Human infection by the bite of an infected tick leads to a potentially fatal emerging disease called human granulocytic anaplasmosis. A. phagocytophilum is an obligatory intracellular bacterium that replicates inside mammalian granulocytes and the salivary gland and midgut cells of ticks. A. phagocytophilum evolved the remarkable ability to hijack the regulatory system of host cells. A. phagocytophilum alters vesicular traffic to create an intracellular membrane-bound compartment that allows replication in seclusion from lysosomes. The bacterium downregulates or actively inhibits a number of innate immune responses of mammalian host cells, and it upregulates cellular cholesterol uptake to acquire cholesterol for survival. It also upregulates several genes critical for the infection of ticks, and it prolongs tick survival at freezing temperatures. Several host factors that exacerbate infection have been identified, including interleukin-8 (IL-8) and cholesterol. Host factors that overcome infection include IL-12 and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Two bacterial type IV secretion effectors and several bacterial proteins that associate with inclusion membranes have been identified. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying A. phagocytophilum infection will foster the development of creative ideas to prevent or treat this emerging tick-borne disease.

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Section: Major Surface Antigen P44mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Obligatory Intracellular Infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum

2011

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“…Compared with A. phagocytophilum and infections involving this organism, which have been vigorously studied worldwide as an important emerging disease, A. platys and the infections it causes have been studied only in endemic regions. Despite the difference between these two Anaplasma spp., the serological diagnosis of A. platys infections in dogs has relied on a commercial ELISA kit utilizing a cross-reaction by antibodies against A. phagocytophilum and A. platys [ 10 , 35 ], partly due to the unavailability of isolated A. platys culture strains [ 20 ]. However, the use of this kit against these two species may limit the ability to reveal the true presence of zoonotic anaplasmosis in areas where R. sanguineus is common [ 29 ].…”

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confidence: 99%

The prevalence of Anaplasma platys and a potential novel Anaplasma species exceed that of Ehrlichia canis in asymptomatic dogs and Rhipicephalus sanguineus in Taiwan

Yuasa

Tsai

Chang

et al. 2017

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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Canine anaplasmosis is regarded as an infection by Anaplasma platys rather than zoonotic Anaplasma phagocytophilum in subtropical areas based on the assumption that the common dog tick species is Rhipicephalus sanguineus, which transmits E. canis and presumably A. platys. We investigated asymptomatic dogs and dog ticks from 16 communities in Nantou County, Taiwan to identify common dog tick species and to determine the prevalence of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. Of total 175 canine blood samples and 315 ticks, including 306 R. sanguineus and 9 Haemaphysalis hystricis, 15 dogs and 3 R. sanguineus ticks were positive for E. canis, while 47 dogs and 71 R. sanguineus ticks were positive for A. platys, via nested PCR for 16S rDNA and DNA sequencing of selected positive amplicons. However, among the dogs and ticks that were positive to A. platys 16S rDNA, only 20 dogs and 11 ticks were positive to nested PCR for A. platys groEL gene. These results revealed the importance of searching for novel Anaplasma spp. closely related to A. platys in dogs and ticks. Seropositivity to a commercial immunochromatographic test SNAP 4Dx Anaplasma sp. was not significantly associated with PCR positivity for A. platys but with infestation by ticks carrying A. platys (P<0.05). Accordingly, R. sanguineus may be involved in transmission of A. platys but may not act as a reservoir of E. canis and PCR results for 16S rDNA could be a problematic diagnostic index for A. platys infection.

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“…Antigenic variation, immune evasion, persistence, and transmission have been most completely studied in A. marginale and is the focus here. However, detailed studies, including complete genome sequencing, of A. phagocytophilum have supported common genetic mechanisms underlying antigenic variation (8–10) as have more limited studies for A. ovis and A. platys (11–12). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigenic Variation in Bacterial Pathogens

2016

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Antigenic variation is a strategy used by a broad diversity of microbial pathogens to persist within the mammalian host. Whereas viruses make use of a minimal proofreading capacity combined with large amounts of progeny to use random mutation for variant generation, antigenically variant bacteria have evolved mechanisms which use a stable genome, which aids in protecting the fitness of the progeny. Here, three well-characterized and highly antigenically variant bacterial pathogens are discussed: Anaplasma, Borrelia , and Neisseria . These three pathogens display a variety of mechanisms used to create the structural and antigenic variation needed for immune escape and long-term persistence. Intrahost antigenic variation is the focus; however, the role of these immune escape mechanisms at the population level is also presented.

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Cloning of the Major Outer Membrane Protein Expression Locus in Anaplasma platys and Seroreactivity of a Species-Specific Antigen

Cited by 11 publications

References 68 publications

Mechanisms of Obligatory Intracellular Infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Mechanisms of Obligatory Intracellular Infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum

The prevalence of <i>Anaplasma platys</i> and a potential novel <i>Anaplasma</i> species exceed that of <i>Ehrlichia canis</i> in asymptomatic dogs and <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> in Taiwan

Antigenic Variation in Bacterial Pathogens

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