Exposure of yeast cells to increases in extracellular osmolarity activates the HOG1 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, which is composed of three tiers of protein kinases: (i) the SSK2, SSK22, and STE11 MAP kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs), (ii) the PBS2 MAPKK, and (iii) the HOG1 MAP kinase. Activation of the MAP kinase cascade is mediated by two upstream mechanisms. The SLN1-YPD1-SSK1 two-component osmosensor activates the SSK2 and SSK22 MAPKKKs by direct interaction of the SSK1 response regulator with these MAPKKKs. The second mechanism of HOG1 MAP kinase activation is independent of the twocomponent osmosensor and involves the SHO1 transmembrane protein and the STE11 MAPKKK. Only PBS2 and HOG1 are common to the two mechanisms. We conducted an exhaustive mutant screening to identify additional elements required for activation of STE11 by osmotic stress. We found that strains with mutations in the STE50 gene, in combination with ssk2⌬ ssk22⌬ mutations, were unable to induce HOG1 phosphorylation after osmotic stress. Both two-hybrid analyses and coprecipitation assays demonstrated that the N-terminal domain of STE50 binds strongly to the N-terminal domain of STE11. The binding of STE50 to STE11 is constitutive and is not affected by osmotic stress. Furthermore, the two proteins relocalize similarly after osmotic shock. It was concluded that STE50 fulfills an essential role in the activation of the high-osmolarity glycerol response pathway by acting as an integral subunit of the STE11 MAPKKK.Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades are common signaling modules found in both higher and lower eukaryotic cells. A typical MAP kinase cascade is composed of three tiers of protein kinases, a MAP kinase (MAPK), a MAPK kinase (MAPKK), and a MAPKK kinase (MAPKKK) (27). Yeast cells have several distinct MAP kinase cascades that transduce distinct extracellular stimuli (e.g., mating pheromone, high osmolarity, low osmolarity, and nitrogen starvation) (10, 19). Budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) responds to increases in osmolarity in the extracellular environment by activating the HOG1 MAP kinase cascade. This cascade is essential for the survival of yeast in high-osmolarity environments (4, 5). Because a major outcome of the activation of this MAPK pathway is the elevated synthesis of glycerol, this pathway is referred to as the HOG (high-osmolarity glycerol response) pathway (2, 5). Extracellular hyperosmolarity is detected by either of two transmembrane proteins, SLN1 and SHO1 (Fig. 1).SLN1 is a part of a complex regulatory system with homology to prokaryotic two-component signal transducers. The yeast two-component osmosensor is composed of SLN1, a transmembrane protein that contains an extracellular sensor domain and cytoplasmic histidine kinase and receiver domains, the intermediary protein YPD1, and the response regulator SSK1 (14,15,20). The SLN1-YPD1-SSK1 two-component osmosensor works by a multistep phosphorelay mechanism (20). The unphosphorylated form of SSK1 activates SSK2 and SSK22 MAPKK...