“…In fact, a subspace identification method is developed for MIMO closedloop Hammerstein systems [15]. Also, the instrumental variables (IV) method [16,12] and an iterative prediction error method (PEM) [13] are applied to the closed-loop identification of Hammerstein systems. To the best of our knowledge, however, less attention has been paid to the identification of NLN systems in closed loop, although NLN models have been widely used for model predictive controls [3,7,19], and process controls [27,26].…”