Closed-Loop Recyclable and Nonpersistent Polyethylene-like Polyesters

Abstract

Conspectus Aliphatic polyesters based on long-chain monomers were synthesized for the first time almost a century ago. In fact, Carothers’ seminal observations that founded the entire field of synthetic polymer fibers were made on such a polyester sample. However, as materials, they have evolved only over the past decade. This is driven by the corresponding monomers becoming practically available from advanced catalytic conversions of plant oils, and future prospects comprise a possible generation from third-generation feedstocks, such as microalgae or waste. Long-chain polyesters such as polyester-18.18 can be considered to be polyethylene chains with a low density of potential breakpoints in the chain. These do not compromise the crystalline structure or the material properties, which resemble linear high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and the materials can also be melt processed by injection molding, film or fiber extrusion, and filament deposition in additive manufacturing. At the same time, they enable closed-loop chemical recycling via solvolysis, which is also possible in mixed waste streams containing polyolefins and even poly(ethylene terephthalate). Recovered monomers possess a quality that enables the generation of recycled polyesters with properties on par with those of the virgin material. The (bio)degradability varies enormously with the constituent monomers. Polyesters based on short-chain diols and long-chain dicarboxylates fully mineralize under industrial composting conditions, despite their HDPE-like crystallinity and hydrophobicity. Fundamental studies of the morphology and thermal behavior of these polymers revealed the location of the in-chain groups and their peculiar role in structure formation during crystallization as well as during melting. All of the concepts outlined were extended to, and elaborated on further, by analogous long-chain aliphatic polymers with other in-chain groups such as carbonates and acetals. The title materials are a potential solution for much needed circular closed-loop recyclable plastics that also as a backstop if lost to the environment will not be persistent for many decades.

Electrochemical recycling of polymeric materials

“…Recent work, pioneered by the group of Mecking, has demonstrated that synthesizing novel polymers consisting of isolated ester or ketone linkages embedded within an aliphatic C–C backbone affords recyclable/biodegradable polyolefin-like polymers. 117–119 The insertion of weak linkages into backbones could also be used to convert polyolefin waste into recyclable counterparts while keeping the original properties. For instance, thermochemical oxidation of the polyolefin backbone enables the introduction of various functional groups such as alcohols, ketones, esters and oximes, 56,57,60,120 which could serve as chemical handles for depolymerization reactions.…”