Closed-loop theory and long-term retention.

Adams, Jack A.; Marshall, Philip H.; Bray, Norman W.

doi:10.1037/h0031553

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…For example, to remember the paired associate “sor-reb,” a person might devise a mnemonic such as “Southerners are rebels.” Part of what would be encoded is a perceptual trace of the articulatory components and other sensory and perceptual aspects of the formation of this mnemonic. The perceptual trace of the mnemonic is retained and available for making judgments concerning its use (as in whether or not it was used or as in how confident a person is that he or she recalled the mnemonic correctly when asked to do so; see also Adams, Marshall, & Bray, 1971a, 1971b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental and intellectual differences in self-report and strategy use.

Bray¹,

Huffman²,

Fletcher³

1999

Developmental Psychology

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The veridicality and reactivity of children's self-report of covert and overt memory strategies were investigated in a task allowing a direct comparison of self-report and the strategy observed. External memory strategies (e.g., moving objects) were investigated with 7-, 9-, 11-, and 17-year-old typical children and 11- and 17-year-old children with mild mental retardation. Participants placed objects in specified spatial locations after hearing sequences of tape-recorded sentences. After each trial, half of the children immediately reported the strategy used. There were strong positive correlations between the frequency of reported strategy use and observed strategy use. Self-reports were accurate but not always complete. There was no effect of the self-reporting procedure on measures of verbal strategies, external memory strategies, and accuracy of recall. Children were less likely to report strategies not related to recall; these results are compatible with a "goal-sketch" mechanism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental and intellectual differences in self-report and strategy use.

Bray¹,

Huffman²,

Fletcher³

1999

Developmental Psychology

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“…To address the primary aim, theories underpinning motor control interventions were used to triangulate concepts described by participants. These theories included the Adams closed loop theory 12 or Schmidt’s Schema theory. 13 Subsequently, superordinate and subordinate themes were developed to describe how participants employed the motor learning interventions and strategies, and how they measured treatment outcomes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Motor control is defined as the ‘ability to initiate, direct and regulate movement essential for voluntary movement’. 11 It is intertwined with motor learning theory, such as Adams closed loop theory 12 or Schmidt’s Schema theory, 13 where the learner shifts from poorly to highly skilled in the activity. 14 Clinicians may thus apply the theory of motor control, in combination with the strategies of motor learning, as an intervention strategy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploration of physiotherapists’ use of motor control strategies for the treatment of idiopathic toe walking in children: a qualitative study

2022

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ObjectivesTo explore how motor control interventions are conceptualised during treatment of children with idiopathic toe walking (ITW) by physiotherapists in Australia and USA.DesignA thematic content framework qualitative design was used to triangular the theories underpinning motor control interventions and participant responses.ParticipantsTen paediatric physiotherapists were recruited from Australia and USA. Participation was only open to physiotherapists who provided treatment to children with ITW.ResultsPhysiotherapists defined the motor control interventions used for children with ITW as having the following non-hierarchical key elements:use of repetition; task scaffolding; encouraging error recognition; and, active and/or passive movements. Physiotherapists also described two superordinate themes; (1) We see motor control through the lens of how we view managementand (2) Idiopathic toe walking treatment is a game with rules that are made to be broken.ConclusionsTreatment of ITW continues to challenge clinicians. Physiotherapists viewed their approach to ITW management being evidence- informed, underpinned by motor learning theories, movement strategies and organisational treatment frameworks or guidelines to fit their individual childrens’ needs. Future research should investigate if this approach affords more favourable outcomes for children with ITW gait.

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“…The eight criterion paired-associate items were eVe-adjective pairs from those used by Adams, Marshall, and Bray (1971) . The pairs were presented as slides which were automatically advanced by the projector timer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What happens to “useless” natural language mediators?

Marshall

Smith

1977

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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Underwood (1972) has hypothesized that natural language mediation may be an epiphenomenon, overloading our conception of human memory. This study examines the specific proposition that natural language mediator (NLM) dropout during learning indicates that they become "useless" and that they are weakened or are replaced by more direct associations. Subjects learned eVe-adjective pairs with the aid of NLMs in a study-test paradigm. After subjects reported that the NLM was nC) longer needed for response recall ("useless"), they received either 0 or 15 additional study-test sequences of the item. On a later retention test, significant differences were found favoring the 15 additional trials condition for both response and NLM retention. It appears that NLMs do not disappear with disuse, but that they can be long-lasting ptoducts of acquisition, potentially serving useful memorial functions .

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Closed-loop theory and long-term retention.

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

Developmental and intellectual differences in self-report and strategy use.

Developmental and intellectual differences in self-report and strategy use.

Exploration of physiotherapists’ use of motor control strategies for the treatment of idiopathic toe walking in children: a qualitative study

What happens to “useless” natural language mediators?

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