“…Targets of interest include specific sequences of genomic DNA, protein-coding mRNA, and regulatory RNA such as microRNA, among others. − Oligonucleotide probes are almost exclusively used for these assays because of their inherently selective and high-affinity binding to complementary sequences and the widely available chemical synthesis of oligonucleotide probes with modifications such as unnatural bases and backbones, linkers, and fluorescent dyes. , Fluorescence-based hybridization assays with oligonucleotide probes, including those utilizing Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), , are among the most popular assay formats because they offer high sensitivity, multiplexing capability, multimodal detection (e.g., intensity, lifetime, polarization), and measurement-at-a-distance. Nonetheless, these assays have often been limited by the shortcomings of fluorescent dyes, prompting the development of assays with novel or nontraditional luminescent materials such as fluorescent polymers, , quantum dots, , metal nanoclusters, , upconversion nanoparticles , luminescent lanthanide complexes (LLCs), − and combinations of these materials. , These materials can either replace fluorescent dyes or be used in tandem with dyes to enhance assay capabilities.…”