“…But, DEB was virtually unknown in Portugal at that time (Ratton, 1813). To address that situation, the companies hired bookkeepers from France, Germany, England and Italy (Oliveira, 2014; Ratton, 1813; Silva, 2016). In 1759, Pombal responded to the shortage by establishing a School of Commerce in Lisbon to create a generation of graduates skilled in the art of DEB (Rodrigues et al , 2007).…”