Clostridia in Insect Processed Animal Proteins—Is an Epidemiological Problem Possible?

Grenda, Tomasz; Kwiatek, K.; Goldsztejn, Magdalena; Sapała, Magdalena; Kozieł, Nina; Domaradzki, Piotr

doi:10.3390/agriculture11030270

Cited by 6 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…As reported in several studies, BSFL can be contaminated with a wide range of food pathogens, such as Salmonella, Bacillus cereus and some species of the genera Campylo bacter, Listeria and Clostridium (Jiang et al, 2019;Raimondi et al, 2020;Wu et al, 2020;Wynants et al, 2019). Because of their heat resistant spore-forming properties, the genera Bacillus and Clostridium are considered to be of major concern (Grenda et al, 2021;Vandeweyer et al, 2021). One of the most relevant Clostridium species related to insects and concerning human and animal health is C. perfringens, a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-producing bacterium (Bagge et al, 2010;Talukdar et al, 2017;Vandeweyer et al, 2021), which causes a broad spectrum of diseases, but most typically enteritis (Li et al, 2016).…”

Section: Occurrence Of Clostridium Perfringens Vegetative Cells and Spores Throughout An Industrial Production Process Of Black Soldier Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens vegetative cells and spores throughout an industrial production process of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens)

Looveren

Vandeweyer

Schelt

et al. 2022

JIFF

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The main use of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) is currently as an animal feed ingredient. While the bacterial community of the larvae has been characterised repeatedly via sequencing, microbiological safety assessment based on culture-dependent techniques is still scarce. This study focused on the occurrence of the spore-forming foodborne pathogen Clostridium perfringens during rearing and consecutive processing of the larvae, based on observations in a single rearing facility. C. perfringens vegetative cells and spores were determined, in addition to total viable counts, total aerobic spore counts and intrinsic parameters including pH, water activity and moisture content. All samples were obtained from an industrial production plant. In a preliminary experiment, substrate ingredients and dried larvae were analysed, but the larvae were produced with a previous batch of the substrate mixture. A second, more detailed, experiment was performed where all samples were collected sequentially from the same production run (substrate ingredients, substrate mixture, starting larvae, harvested larvae, residue, dried larvae and stored dried larvae). In the two experiments, (presumptive) C. perfringens, as determined on tryptose sulphite cycloserine agar, was found at low numbers in the ingredients and in the second experiment it was also found in the substrate mixture. Over the two experiments, total C. perfringens counts (i.e. vegetative cells plus spores) ranged between 3.0±0.1 and <1.2±0.5 log cfu/g and C. perfringens spores ranged between 2.5±0.1 and <1.0±0.0 log cfu/g. Interestingly, vegetative cells and spores of C. perfringens were below the detection limit in all larvae samples. Therefore, it appears that at this production site and based on the samples investigated, the pathogen did not colonise the larvae. However, these results indicate that insect producers should monitor this pathogen among others, and install good hygiene practices to avoid contamination.

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Section: Occurrence Of Clostridium Perfringens Vegetative Cells and Spores Throughout An Industrial Production Process Of Black Soldier Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens vegetative cells and spores throughout an industrial production process of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens)

Looveren

Vandeweyer

Schelt

et al. 2022

JIFF

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“…The ntnh gene was detected using a set of seven primers and the TaqMan probe according to Raphael and Anreadis (22) and with previously described concentrations of reagents (7). In a few cases, the DNA positive for the ntnh gene was investigated for the bont/A-F genes with the method described by Kirchner et al (11) and the reagent concentrations described by Grenda et al (7). All reactions were carried out using a LightCycler 2.0 instrument (Roche, Basel, Switzerland).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The production of BoNTs is not only attributed to the C. botulinum species; however, some other strains of Clostridia may also show this toxigenicity, e.g. C. sporogenes , C. baratii and C. butyricum ( 7 , 15 , 20 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal botulism in Poland – laboratory and epidemiological investigations

Grenda

Goldsztejn

Kwiatek

et al. 2022

Journal of Veterinary Research

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Introduction The aim of the study was to present cases of botulism in animals found in Poland in 2019–2021. The analytical laboratory diagnosis and difficulties that occurred in the interpretation of the results are described. Material and Methods From 2019 to 2021, samples of serum, intestinal content, liver, spleen, kidney, faeces, wet feed, dry feed, ensilage, water and mixed samples of internal organs associated with 10 suspected animal botulism cases were sent to the National Veterinary Research Institute. Samples were analysed using a mouse bioassay and culture methods in combination with ntnh and bont gene detection. Results Among the ten putative botulism cases, only four (40%) were confirmed in the laboratory on the basis of the detection of botulinum toxin (BoNT) or the ntnh or bont genes. The remaining six (60%) were determined as probable despite observable characteristic clinical signs. Conclusion The diagnosis of botulism in animals is a very difficult task, made so by the heterogeneity of Clostridium botulinum strains and possible loss of toxinogenicity during laboratory processing or the potential degradation of toxins. Laboratory diagnosis is a complex and problematic process which should utilise different prescribed methods for specific types of sample.

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“…It should also be noted that insects may be a reservoir of selected substances and pathogens immediately after exposure [ 10 ]. Insects may pose a biological threat [ 10 , 27 , 28 ], and they have even been examined for the ability to transmit COVID-19 infections [ 10 ]. Consequently, insect farms must comply with binding regulations, in particular those that set microbiological criteria for food and feed production.…”

Section: Technological and Environmental Aspects Of Insect Farmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Edible Insect Farming in the Context of the EU Regulations and Marketing—An Overview

Żuk‐Gołaszewska

Gałęcki

Obremski

et al. 2022

Insects

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Insects are increasingly being considered as an attractive source of protein that can cater to the growing demand for food around the world and promote the development of sustainable food systems. Commercial insect farms have been established in various countries, mainly in Asia, but in Europe, edible insects have not yet emerged as a viable alternative to traditional plant- and animal-based sources of protein. In this paper, we present an interdisciplinary overview of the technological aspects of edible insect farming in the context of the EU regulations and marketing. Based on a review of the literature, we have concluded that edible insect farming can be a viable business sector that significantly contributes to the overall sustainability of food systems if the appropriate regulations are introduced and food safety standards are guaranteed. However, the success of the edible insect industry also requires consumer acceptance of entomophagy, which is rather low in Western societies. Therefore, targeted marketing strategies are indispensable to support the implementation of edible insect programs.

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Clostridia in Insect Processed Animal Proteins—Is an Epidemiological Problem Possible?

Cited by 6 publications

References 67 publications

Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens vegetative cells and spores throughout an industrial production process of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens)

Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens vegetative cells and spores throughout an industrial production process of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens)

Animal botulism in Poland – laboratory and epidemiological investigations

Edible Insect Farming in the Context of the EU Regulations and Marketing—An Overview

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