Clostridioides difficile epidemiology in the Middle and the Far East

Brajerova, Marie; Zikova, Jaroslava; Krutova, Marcela

doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102542

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 225 publications

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“…The higher prevalence of CDI in patients with IBD suggests that CDI testing should be considered when IBD patients present with flare‐like symptoms. The prevalence of CDI in patients with IBD in this region had not been reported before, and it ranges between 5% and 15.3% in other regions of China 20–25 . The variation may be due to regional and study population differences; the diagnostic accuracy of the methods used in the studies may also have an impact.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…The prevalence of CDI in patients with IBD in this region had not been reported before, and it ranges between 5% and 15.3% in other regions of China. 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 The variation may be due to regional and study population differences; the diagnostic accuracy of the methods used in the studies may also have an impact. The methods include overly sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests and low‐sensitivity enzyme immunoassays.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Clostridioides difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease from a teaching hospital

Liao

Jian

et al. 2022

Clinical Laboratory Analysis

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Background Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is of increasing concern. This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibilities of toxigenic C. difficile isolated from IBD patients and to evaluate the risk factors for CDI in IBD population. Methods Loose or watery stools from IBD patients were tested for glutamate dehydrogenase, C. difficile toxins A&B and anaerobic culture. Toxigenic C. difficile isolates were characterized by multi‐locus sequence typing, ribotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Results The prevalence of CDI in IBD patients was 13.6% (43/317). The dominant sequence types (STs) were ST35 (20.9%), ST2 (18.6%) and ST37 (16.3%). The most common ribotypes (RTs) were RT 017 (18.6%), RT 012 (14.0%), and RT 220 (14.0%), whereas RT 027 and RT 078 were not detected in this study. All the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and metronidazole. The multidrug resistance rate of C. difficile RT 017 was higher (p < 0.01) than that of other RT strains. Recent hospitalization, use of corticosteroids and proton pump inhibitors were related to increased risk of CDI in IBD patients; of these, recent hospitalization and proton pump inhibitors use were independent risk factors. Conclusion Patients with IBD have a relatively high incidence rate of CDI. C. difficile RT 017 is most frequently isolated from IBD patients in this region and warrants more attention to its high resistance rate. Clinicians should pay greater attention to CDI testing in IBD patients with diarrhea to ensure early diagnosis and initiation of effective treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Clostridioides difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease from a teaching hospital

Liao

Jian

et al. 2022

Clinical Laboratory Analysis

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“…Tough, C. difcile did not identify in raw meat samples of animal species, particularly those other than cattle [41,45,46]. Te prevalence of C. difcile amongst the poultry meat in Egypt [16], red (beef and mutton) meat in Iran [34,47], cattle meat in Turkey [37], and meat samples in Japan [48], and South Korea [39] were 0.00%, 2.00 to 30.00%, 2.00 to 6.90%, 21.00%, 10.80%, and 29.90%, respectively [4]. Prevalence variations reported in diverse surveys may be owing to variances in geographical region, method of isolation, and levels of antibiotic administration.…”

Section: Difcile Prevalence Amongst the Examined Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tere were about 15, 512 C. difcile cases in 2017 in the United States [3]. C. difcile infections (CDIs) prevalence amongst the some Asian countries was 12.40% according to a meta-analysis conducted on September 30, 2021 [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clostridioides difficile in Foods with Animal Origins; Prevalence, Toxigenic Genes, Ribotyping Profile, and Antimicrobial Resistance

Bacheno

Ahmadi

Fazeli

et al. 2022

Journal of Food Quality

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Clostridioides difficile is an important nosocomial pathogen and is considered as a reason of diarrhea and gastrointestinal infections. As a majority of community-originated C. difficile cases are not related to antibiotic prescription and hospitalization, the food portion as a vector of infection transmission has been raised. An existing survey was aimed evaluating the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, profile of toxigenic genes, and ribotypes of C. difficile isolated from raw meat and carcass surface swab samples. In total, 485 raw meat and carcass surface swab samples were collected. C. difficile was isolated via culture and a diverse biochemical examination. The assessment of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was addressed to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of isolates. Toxin genes detection and ribotyping were used for isolates characterization. The prevalence of C. difficile contamination in all examined samples was 3.71%. The bacterium was detected in 2.91% of raw meat and 4.48% of carcass surface swab samples. Raw sheep meat (5%) and sheep carcass swab (7.50%) samples harbored the highest C. difficile prevalence. The highest rate of antibiotic resistance was observed toward clindamycin (38.88%), ciprofloxacin (38.88%), metronidazole (44.44%), erythromycin (72.22%), and tetracycline (77.77%). C. difficile bacteria showed the minimum rate of resistance meropenem (16.66%) and chloramphenicol (16.66%). TcdA, tcdB, cdtA, and cdtB toxigenic genes were detected in 22.22%, 44.44%, and 16.66% of isolates, respectively. TcdB + tcdA (27.77%) were the most prevalent combined toxigenic gene profile. Both 027 and 078 ribotypes were identified in C. difficile isolates. The role of raw meat and carcass surface swab samples as toxigenic and antibiotic-resistant C. difficile strains vectors was signified. This study authorizes that food animals, particularly sheep and cattle, are C. difficile carriers at slaughter stages and ribotypes are equal in human cases. Subsequently, contamination of carcasses occurs inside the slaughterhouse.

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