Clostridium sporogenes Isolates and their Relationship to C. botulinum based on Deoxyribonucleic Acid Reassociation

Nakamura, Shinichi; Okado, Imiko; Nakashio, Satoshi; Nishida, Shoki

doi:10.1099/00221287-100-2-395

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The digestion profile for DpnII demonstrated that C. sporogenes was segregated into two separate populations, one of which showed exact homology with C. botulinum while the other was distinct from all other Clostridium species. These data, along with variations in DNA-DNA hybridization among different strains of C. sporogenes compared to C. botulinum (4,5), suggest that C. sporogenes may be polyphyletic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Implications of Genome-Based Discrimination between Clostridium botulinum Group I and Clostridium sporogenes Strains for Bacterial Taxonomy

Weigand

Pena‐Gonzalez

Shirey

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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c Taxonomic classification of Clostridium botulinum is based on the production of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), while closely related, nontoxic organisms are classified as Clostridium sporogenes. However, this taxonomic organization does not accurately mirror phylogenetic relationships between these species. A phylogenetic reconstruction using 2,016 orthologous genes shared among strains of C. botulinum group I and C. sporogenes clearly separated these two species into discrete clades which showed ϳ93% average nucleotide identity (ANI) between them. Clustering of strains based on the presence of variable orthologs revealed 143 C. sporogenes clade-specific genetic signatures, a subset of which were further evaluated for their ability to correctly classify a panel of presumptive C. sporogenes strains by PCR. Genome sequencing of several C. sporogenes strains lacking these signatures confirmed that they clustered with C. botulinum strains in a core genome phylogenetic tree. Our analysis also identified C. botulinum strains that contained C. sporogenes clade-specific signatures and phylogenetically clustered with C. sporogenes strains. The genome sequences of two bont/B2-containing strains belonging to the C. sporogenes clade contained regions with similarity to a bont-bearing plasmid (pCLD), while two different strains belonging to the C. botulinum clade carried bont/B2 on the chromosome. These results indicate that bont/B2 was likely acquired by C. sporogenes strains through horizontal gene transfer. The genome-based classification of these species used to identify candidate genes for the development of rapid assays for molecular identification may be applicable to additional bacterial species that are challenging with respect to their classification. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) cause neuromuscular paralysis associated with botulism and are produced by various clostridia, most notably Clostridium botulinum. C. botulinum is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, endospore-forming bacillus that can be classified on the basis of metabolic properties into four separate groups (groups I to IV). Group I C. botulinum strains are proteolytic, saccharolytic, and capable of producing BoNT types A, B, and F. Group II C. botulinum strains are nonproteolytic and can produce BoNT types B, E, and F, while group III strains produce BoNT types C and D. Group IV strains, which are also identified as Clostridium argentinense, produce BoNT type G.The nontoxic species Clostridium sporogenes shares nearly identical metabolic properties with group I C. botulinum, including the formation of lipase-positive colonies when grown on egg yolk agar. Because of these similarities and the comparable heat resistance of its spores, C. sporogenes has been used as a surrogate organism for C. botulinum in the study of thermal processing for foods (1). Previous studies have shown that some strains of C. sporogenes and group I C. botulinum can be differentiated phenotypically by soluble protein expression, measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2) and ga...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Implications of Genome-Based Discrimination between Clostridium botulinum Group I and Clostridium sporogenes Strains for Bacterial Taxonomy

Weigand

Pena‐Gonzalez

Shirey

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The similarity between C. botulinum type B (ATCC 25765) and C. botulinum-like strain AIP 355.02 reached the level of 93%. The high percentage of similarity between C. botulinum and C. botulinum-like strains was also mentioned by Nakamura et al (1977), Lee and Riemann (1970). They found that homology between this kind of strain sequences was more than 70%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Molecular diversity of Clostridium botulinum and phenotypically similar strains

Grenda¹,

Kukier²,

Sieradzki³

et al. 2016

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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This study was undertaken to examine phenotypic and genetic features of strains preliminary classified as Clostridium botulinum species. The phenotypic characteristics were assessed with different culture media and biochemical tests. The genetic characterization included detection of botulinum toxin genes by PCR and macrorestriction analysis with SmaI, XhoI and SacII by PFGE (Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis). Despite similar biochemical properties of all analysed strains, only 47% of them contained genes determining toxicity specific to C. botulinum species. The most valuable differentiation of C. botulinum and C. botulinum-like strains was obtained after SmaI digestion. The highest affinity was observed among C. botulinum type B profiles which was even up to 100%. It was found 100% of affinity between C. botulinum and C. botulinum-like strains, however, the similarity among C. botulinum and C. botulinum-like was generally lower than 80%.

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“…Clostridium hastiforme is another nontoxigenic species that is phenotypically similar to C. subterminale, except that it may be less proteolytic, does not produce hydrogen, and produces terminal rather than subterminal spores (4). Genetic relatedness among toxigenic strains of C. botulinum groups I through 111 and their nontoxigenic counterparts has been studied previously (12,13,20,21,25), but similar studies to compare C. botulinum toxin type G, C. subterminale, and C. hastiforme have not been done.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridium argentinense sp. nov.: A Genetically Homogeneous Group Composed of All Strains of Clostridium botulinum Toxin Type G and Some Nontoxigenic Strains Previously Identified as Clostridium subterminale or Clostridium hastiforme

Suen

Hatheway

Steigerwalt

et al. 1988

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

106

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Clostridium sporogenes Isolates and their Relationship to C. botulinum based on Deoxyribonucleic Acid Reassociation

Cited by 29 publications

References 12 publications

Implications of Genome-Based Discrimination between Clostridium botulinum Group I and Clostridium sporogenes Strains for Bacterial Taxonomy

Implications of Genome-Based Discrimination between Clostridium botulinum Group I and Clostridium sporogenes Strains for Bacterial Taxonomy

Molecular diversity of Clostridium botulinum and phenotypically similar strains

Clostridium argentinense sp. nov.: A Genetically Homogeneous Group Composed of All Strains of Clostridium botulinum Toxin Type G and Some Nontoxigenic Strains Previously Identified as Clostridium subterminale or Clostridium hastiforme

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